色噪声环境下MIMO雷达相干目标角度估计算法

针对色噪声环境下的MIMO雷达相干目标角度估计问题,提出一种基于目标信息矢量重构的角度估计算法.算法对MIMO雷达的接收数据进行了低复杂度改进,通过计算四阶累积量,得到一组矢量并证明该矢量包含所有目标的角度信息,通过重构Toeplitz矩阵,结合MUSIC算法实现了色噪声环境下MIMO雷达相干目标的角度估计.算法保留了MIMO雷达的阵元扩展能力和目标分辨力,具有自动抑制加性高斯白噪声和色噪声的能力,实现了相干目标的有效估计,更利于在实际中应用.最后计算机仿真结果证实了算法的有效性和可行性.     

基于四阶累积量的双基地MIMO雷达收发角度估计

提出了一种基于四阶累积量的双基地MIMO雷达收发角度估计算法。在接收端,通过分别构造单阵元和双阵元的四阶累积量矩阵,采用基于四阶累积量的MUSIC算法和ESPRIT算法分别估计出目标的离开方向(DOD)和波达方向(DOA),并且DOD和DOA自动配对。该算法将二维参数的估计问题转化为两个一维形式,不需要二维谱峰搜索,在保证二维方位角估计性能的基础上,降低了运算量。利用四阶累积量有效地扩展了阵列孔径,并且适用于任意加性高斯噪声环境。仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。     

近场非合作源MIMO雷达多目标定位与信道估计

研究了多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达系统,在收发非合作的情况下,通过两个阶段的处理分别对空间多个近场源进行定位,并对MIMO雷达的发射信号与衰落矢量矩阵等参数进行信道估计.由于在近场条件下,常规的阵列信号处理算法不再适用,因此在第1阶段利用了四阶累积量联合估计算法对近场源的距离、频率和到达角(DOA)进行估计,第2阶段中则利用盲源分离(BSS)算法对衰落矢量矩阵及发射信号完成估计.仿真结果证明了整个系统过程的有效性.     

空间非平稳高斯噪声背景下混合信号的DOA估计

针对空间非平稳高斯噪声背景下混合信号的DOA估计问题,提出了基于四阶累积量对混合波源的DOA估计算法。该算法首先构造四阶累积量矩阵,利用类似ESPR IT方法估计出所有非相关信源的DOA,然后对四阶累积量进行修正空间差分平滑去相干,消除非相关源和空间非平稳高斯噪声的影响,从而实现了对相干源的DOA估计。此方法通过分别估计非相关和相关或者相干信号的DOA,能够以较少的阵元实现对多个信号DOA估计,最后仿真实验也验证该算法的有效性。     

基于时间反转的MIMO雷达多目标DOA估计

针对MIMO(Multi-input Multi-Output)雷达多目标DOA(Direction Of Arrival)估计问题,提出一种基于时间反转(Time Reversal,TR)的MIMO雷达多目标DOA估计方法。首先,算法根据MIMO雷达接收信号模型,采用时间反转理论,建立TR MIMO雷达接收信号模型;随后,利用MIMO雷达波形分集特性对TR MIMO雷达接收信号匹配滤波并进行向量化处理,扩展了MIMO雷达的虚拟孔径;最后,采用MUSIC(Multiple Signal Classification)算法进行多目标DOA估计,有效提高了精度。与常规MIMO相比,TR MIMO能够有效提高回波信号增益和增大虚拟孔径。计算机仿真结果表明,在信噪比-20 d B的条件下,TR MIMO雷达仍能准确地估计出目标的角度,表明TR MIMO雷达具有更好的性能。     

双基地MIMO雷达多目标的时延估计方法

现有的双基地MIMO雷达目标角度和多普勒频率估计算法都要求已知目标的时延,然而实际中时延往往未知。对此该文提出了一种双基地MIMO雷达多目标的时延估计方法,可在角度和多普勒频率估计之前对目标的时延做出估计,从而为现有的角度和多普勒频率估计算法提供前提条件。方法将接收信号按周期切段,对各段信号进行滤波获得输出矩阵,时延的估计可通过对各矩阵F范数之和进行峰值搜索而获得。理论上论证了方法的可行性,并通过仿真实验进行了验证。     

二维衰减谐波估计的四阶混合累积量方法

针对二维衰减谐波估计方法在大样本容量条件下计算量过大的问题,提出了一种基于二维四阶混合累积量的ESPRIT方法。在不影响估计精度的前提下,通过保持特征矩阵结构不变,有效地减小了算法的计算量。利用四阶混合累积量对高斯噪声的自动抑制,降低了参数估计的信噪比门限并提高了估计精度。仿真实验表明,在高斯色噪声条件下该方法的计算效率和估计性能优于现有方法。     

基于四阶累积量的相干信号二维波达方向估计算法

提出了一种基于四阶累积量的相干信号二维波达方向(DOA)估计的算法--CSS算法.该算法利用双平行线阵的接收数据以及平滑技术构造了一个平滑的渡达方向矩阵,通过对其进行特征分解估计出空间相干信号的二维到达角.在色噪声环境下,该算法能够精确地估计空间相干信号的二维到达角,无需谱峰搜索,并且信号的二维参数能够自动配对.计算机仿真结果验证了算法的有效性.     

基于单基地嵌套MIMO雷达的联合角度和多普勒频率参数估计

为了提升单基地MIMO雷达中角度和多普勒频率的二维参数估计性能,通过在单基地MIMO雷达的接收端和发射端进行嵌套阵列设计来实现阵列自由度的提升.通过利用隐含在目标结构中的时延特性来实现对多普勒频率旋转不变关系的构建.通过构建三阶张量模型来实现对阵列接收数据空时特性的充分利用.最后,通过利用三线性迭代最小二乘平行因子算法...     

一种新的MIMO雷达DOA估计方法

多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达通过分布式布阵可以获得空间分集增益,抑制目标闪烁,但过大的阵元间隔不利于DOA估计.采用发射阵列分布式布阵,接收阵列密布阵的收发分置系统,通过发射正交信号,在接收端经匹配滤波信号分选后构造虚拟子阵,提出了一种子阵优选算法,抑制目标闪烁,实现多目标超分辨.对子阵优选算法在MIMO二维空间定位中进行扩展,使MIMO同时具备抑制目标闪烁和提高自由度的特点.最后仿真实验表明了该算法的有效性.     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.