Understanding contemporary conflicts in Africa: a state of affairs and current knowledge

Understanding contemporary conflicts in Africa remains directly dependent on the approaches employed to decipher or interpret them. This article first examines the bias of conventional approaches (inherited from the Cold War) and then those of a series of supposedly “newer” approaches. Relying primarily on West African examples, it offers a brief overview of current knowledge, issues, and avenues for research, based on three apparent characteristics of a “new generation” of conflicts: the regionalization of wars, the privatization of violence and security, and the recourse to extreme forms of brutality. These three major trends bear witness to a rapid transformation of war and armed violence over the past 20 years, but they are not sufficient to establish a radical historical break between “old” and “new” conflicts in Africa. By concealing elements of continuity a priori, the most influential “new” approaches actually make it impossible to ponder their own limits. To that end, fashionability and struggles for influence within the Africanist field play a major role in perpetuating dominant, sensationalistic, or simplistic (and invariably incorrect) portrayals of African conflicts.     

多源目标识别中冲突证据的融合策略研究

随着防空反导作战环境的日益复杂,快速准确地进行真假目标识别显得尤为重要。针对多源目标决策级识别中冲突证据融合问题,在综合分析现有改进证据理论方法的基础上,引入新的冲突度量系数,提出了一种通过在融合流程中增加智能判断环节,以冲突系数为判断依据,对具有不同冲突系数证据选择不同组合规则进行证据组合的融合方法,并给出了策略的流程图。最后进行了实例验证,结果表明新策略能对不同未知信度和不同识别框架冲突证据进行快速有效的融合。     

基于STN的任务执行过程中的资源冲突自动消解

任务在执行过程中受到各种因素的影响,任务时间可能会偏离预定计划,在资源数量有限的情况下,由于要满足时间的约束,往往会出现时间重叠而发生资源冲突。消解这种资源冲突的一个最直接的方法是及时调整任务计划时间消解潜在的资源冲突。针对任务执行过程中冲突消解人工决策耗时较长的问题,设计了一种基于STN的任务在执行过程中的自动消解方法,通过案例仿真,证明方法是可行的,并且能够比人工决策方式节约时间。     

Conflict management in the Central African Republic: making genocide prevention work

This commentary analyses the international response to the crisis that struck the Central African Republic (CAR) in early December 2013. It examines three intertwined dimensions defining the courses of action available to policymakers dealing with pre-genocidal crises: the politics and institutional manoeuvring shaping the United Nations (UN) Security Council's decision to authorise an enforcement mission without deploying ‘blue helmets’ on the ground; the operational complexities involved in launching rapid reaction forces; and the interdependent logics between peacebuilding and atrocity prevention. The author argues that there are three ways for the UN Secretariat to ensure a more effective response to CAR-type situations: generating political will to respond swiftly to deteriorating crises leading to widespread abuses of human rights by advancing the concept of Responsibility to Protect as a core component of states' national interests; developing strategic frameworks for the deployment of multi-plural missions equipped to avert the actual or potential threat of atrocities; and developing joint early warning and scenario planning between peacebuilding and atrocity prevention agencies.     

装备一体化设计中基于约束和实例的维修性冲突解决方法研究

分析了装备一体化设计过程中维修性约束及维修性冲突的特点。在此基础上,结合并行设计、协同设计领域内的相关研究,提出了基于约束和实例的维修性冲突解决方法,该方法发扬了约束法和实例法解决冲突的优势,弥补了单一解决方案存在的不足。最后以某型飞机电动机设计为例对该方法进行了说明。     

STCN的对岸打击时间协同冲突消解研究

为验证航空兵对岸打击中时间协同计划的可行性以及快速地调整时间协同计划,建立了任务间的简单时间约束网络(STCN),并转化成权值矩阵的形式.根据权值矩阵特点,提出了一种检测STCN一致性的权值矩阵法,大大降低了算法复杂度.为加快时间协同计划的调整速度,基于检测结果,提出了一种代价最小的冲突消解方法,避免了消解过程中的重复检测问题,提高了效率,使计划调整更加快捷高效.     

Raman型自由电子激光中暖束效应的简化分析

采用一维流体理论导出了暖电子束条件下Raman型自由电子激光增益的解析式。此式清晰地描述了自由电子激光中的暖束效应。分析计算时毋需电子分布函数的具体形式,故所得结论具有普适性。     

某通信电台天线超宽带耦合效应研究

利用时域有限差分方法（FDTD）,结合端接负载模型,计算某指挥控制系统置于方舱上壁的鞭状天线的超宽带（UWB）耦合效应。计算结果表明：该天线在超宽带环境中耦合的最大电流在35 A左右;当入射波的电场方向与天线方向一致时,天线上可以感应更大的电流;由于方舱上壁反射电磁场的作用,当仰角在120°左右时,天线上的感应电流峰值最大;超宽带脉冲平行于车长方向入射该系统能比垂直入射该系统,感应出更大的电流。     

税收实践对收入公平分配的负面效应及其对策

税收实践中,税收制度的累退性、税收调节错位、税收体系不全以及税务管理的乏力,导致了事实上收入分配的不公平。因此,要改变税收结构,调整税收调节,完善税收体系,强化税务管理,以弱化税收实践对收入公平分配的负面效应。     

马格努斯效应对旋转弹自动驾驶仪影响的研究

为了分析马格努斯力矩对单通道旋转弹自动驾驶仪的影响,在准弹体系下建立了旋转弹加速度反馈自动驾驶仪模型.观察了不同马格努斯力矩对自动驾驶仪的影响,并与速率陀螺反馈自动驾驶仪进行了对比.仿真结果表明了该建模分析方法的正确性,并证明了加速度反馈相对速率反馈能够有效降低马格努斯力矩对旋转导弹的干扰作用.     

金属圆管内爆轰波对碰部位速度的影响因素

利用LS-DYNA动力有限元程序对张世文等人做的金属圆管内爆轰波相互作用效应实验进行数值模拟,其模拟结果与实验结果具有较好的一致性。在此基础上着重分析了装药和金属圆管壁厚对金属圆管内爆轰波对碰部位速度的影响规律,为弹丸的设计提供了参考。     

The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad factor in the Mali crisis

Mali has been a battleground for more than a year now. While the armed conflict came in the aftermath of the Libyan crisis that left the regional security environment depleted, it also served as a catalyst for the collapse of state authority in Mali. This created conditions conducive for the proliferation of, and attacks by, radical religious armed groups in the northern regions of the country, including the Tuareg armed movement: the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA). But, far from being a new phenomenon, the Tuareg-led armed insurrection in the northern regions is as old as the post-colonial Malian state, and continues to pose tremendous challenges in West Africa and the Sahel region for both regional and extra-regional actors. The recent crisis in the Sahel region is seen as one of the most serious since the end of the Cold War, with anticipated dire long-term impacts on the security of the region and beyond. While attention is predominantly focused on defeating the jihadist groups that have threatened the survival of the Malian state, one must not lose sight of the fact that the ‘Tuareg Factor’, as represented by the rebellion launched by MNLA, remains critical both in terms of appreciating the deterioration of the situation and attempting to frame long-lasting solutions. The paper argues that the Tuareg's persistent recourse to rebellion against Bamako needs to be understood within a historical trajectory that takes into consideration three key parameters: firstly, the post-colonial state in Mali and its African leadership's relations with the descendants of the Tuareg communities; secondly, the amalgamation created by the so-called war on terror; and, finally, the contradictions of the democratisation process of the 1990s.¹1 This article is based on field research carried out between 2008 and 2013 on the ‘Resurgence of Tuareg-led Rebellions’.     

The impact of superpower arms transfers on conflict in the Middle East

I explore the relationship between superpower arms transfers and the Arab‐Israeli rivalry. My empirical analysis suggests that Soviet arms transfers to the Middle East, more than American transfers, have exacerbated interstate rivalry in the region. It also suggests that Soviet arms transfers, again more than American transfers, have encouraged compensatory arming by the other superpower. These conclusions derive from the results of cross‐correlation analysis, Granger‐causality tests, and variance decompositions, and are quite robust. While my findings paint a rather unflattering portrait of the effects of superpower involvement in the region, they do constitute grounds for optimism in light of current developments.     

由电击武器对人体的生理效应谈其开发和应用

目前非致命电击武器越来越普及,而关于该类武器生理效应方面的研究还比较缺乏。结合现有电击武器的电镖动能和电击对人体的作用进行分析研究,得出相应的非致伤范围,对新型电击武器的开发和应用具有一定的指导作用。     

同轴均匀消磁线圈对坦克磁场影响效应的数值模拟

通过数值处理和计算机模拟,得出一种排布方式的消磁线圈对坦克磁场的影响效应分布,即当消磁线圈为均匀密排情形时,线圈内部为匀强磁场,方向沿通电线圈的轴向,且与环形电流呈右手螺旋关系;线圈外部为磁偶极子场,该场会随着与线圈中心距离的增大而迅速减小。数值模拟的结果可为封闭型军事装备表层安装消磁线圈提供参考;通过分析消磁线圈附加磁场的特点为装备磁防护理论提供一些支持。     

层次分析法在装甲师作战能力评估中的应用

装甲师作战能力的评估,对装甲部队建设有重要的推动作用,但影响装甲师作战能力的因素很多。以往沿用的人数统计评估法、指数评估法等存在一定的不确定性,因此,采用层次分析法对部队的作战能力,给出一种定量和定性相结合的评估方法。     

模糊综合评价方法在教学质量评估中的应用

针对评价对象的复杂性及其评价指标的模糊性,采用模糊数学的理论与技术,对教学质量进行综合评判,其结果能汇总各类评价人员的评价意见,较全面地反映出评价对象的优劣程爱,同时结合装甲兵工程学院教学质量评价表进行了阐述.     

射击效率评定中火炮幅员及毁伤幅员计算

在已有计算火炮幅员及毁伤幅员成果的基础上,根据炮兵作战行动的特点,分阶段讨论了火炮幅员及毁伤幅员的计算方法,是对现有火炮幅员及毁伤幅员参考数据的完善,为提高射击效率评定的精度提供了较为丰富的数据基础.同时根据所建模型,分析了不同航路角情况下火炮幅员及毁伤幅员的变化趋势与极值情况,为优化炮兵作战行动提供了一定理论支持.     

边境地区群体性事件预警指标体系构建研究

科学、可行的指标体系是群体性事件预警的核心。在坚持完备性与最小性原则、科学性与可行性原则、敏感性与动态性原则、全局性与针对性原则的前提下,利用层次分析法、专家调查法,构建了以边境地区经济、社会保障、公共安全维护、民族与宗教、边民心理状况以及周边环境六大因素为支撑的边境地区群体性事件预警指标内容,并形成了6个一级指标,12个二级指标,44个三级指标的边境地区群体性事件预警指标体系。     

传热对水边界层流动的影响

本文评述了壁面传热对水边界层流体流动及其阻力的影响,同时分析了加热减阻的应用及其影响因素。传热不仅对层流流动、层流向湍流的转捩以及湍流流动有明显的影响,而且对流动分离以及由分离引起的空化也有显著影响。以热脉冲加热的主动式加热方式既可用来产生和消除边界层的T-S波,也能用来控制边界层的分离。因此,热控制技术可望在控制边界层转捩和分离,减小流动阻力等方面得到应用。