REGULATING SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS

One of the biggest challenges currently facing the developing world is the proliferation of small arms and light weapons. Arms control and disarmament have been part of the diplomatic agenda since the middle of the 19th century and were two of the most important issues facing the world's major powers during the 1960s and 1970s. When the Cold War ended, different instruments had been developed to negotiate the control over nuclear, chemical, biological and conventional weapons. However, the proliferation of small arms and light weapons poses new challenges to the international system. While control over legitimate use is laudable, the major problem relates to the illicit proliferation external to the state system. To address this challenge, international and national law faces the challenge of regime creation, and of the implementation and enforcement of international and national standards. Possible approaches to regime creation are discussed in this essay and recent examples are provided of how these were applied in practice to the issue of small arms and light weapons by the OAS, ECOWAS, SADC, the OAU and in East Africa.     

ASSESSING SMALL ARMS CONTROL INITIATIVES IN EAST AFRICA

The creation of a new defence force was an essential step in South Africa's negotiated settlement. The integration of previously antagonistic forces was made more difficult by the differences in training, resources and political affiliations. The planning for the changes ended in April 1994 when a common institutional culture and camaraderie within the organisation had been created and a manageable and goal-oriented planning framework agreed upon. A second, absorption phase, then commenced, which saw MK, APLA and the TBVC forces being absorbed into structures which, though new, were mainly those of the SADF. The real shift occurred in March 1998 when a report submitted by the Chief of the National Defence Force brought about his own resignation. Power then shifted away from the conservative axis to more constitutionally inclined officers who supported the democratic transition and the military restructuring.     

轻武器及其未来发展趋势

全面分析了轻武器在未来战争中的地位和作用 ,总结了轻武器现装备的主要特点 ,归纳了近二十年来在轻武器装备领域的主要技术成果 ,提出了轻武器未来发展趋势。     

FROM PROLIFERATION TO PEACE

Despite both regional and international efforts to establish a weapons of mass destruction–free zone (WMDFZ) in the Middle East, regional support beyond mere rhetoric seems unattainable. The lack of commitment to WMD disarmament results from the complexity of regional security dynamics, which are characterized by a high level of weaponization and crosscutting conflicts. This article examines a strategy for WMD disarmament in the Middle East. First, such a strategy must reflect the motives underlying a state's WMD aspirations. Security and prestige may be identified as two motives that affect the acquisition, and thus also the abandonment, of WMD. Second, Egypt, Iran, Israel, and Syria are important actors because their reasons for desiring WMD cannot be considered apart from each other, and progress will consequently depend on the inclusion of all these actors. In this regard, we recommend the establishment of a parallel process between efforts to establish a WMDFZ and peaceful relations in the Middle East. Solving central problems, like the lack of political determination and security cooperation, is vital to create consensus on the final framework of a zone. This study suggests a way forward by analyzing the central causes of conflict in the region and recommending ways to resolve them in order to establish a WMDFZ.     

钛电刷镀镀液的探讨

本文对从钛盐的水溶液中获得金属钛镀层进行了研究。在理论分析的基础上,利用硫酸钛作为主盐,柠檬酸或可溶性氟化物作为主要络合剂,加以还原性J-A 添加剂,配制成钛的络合物水溶液,实现了电刷镀金属钛的可能性,并对此作了进一步的讨论.     

从故障特征群中快速确定故障点的方法

工程设备的结构日趋复杂,使故障诊断的难度不断增大。本文在最大故障信息量诊断的基础上提出了最大故障信息增量判断准则,可从故障特征群中一次找出最可能的故障点,简化了诊断过程,提高了诊断速度。     

INTEGRATING NUCLEAR WEAPONS STOCKPILE MANAGEMENT AND NUCLEAR ARMS CONTROL OBJECTIVES TO ENABLE SIGNIFICANT STOCKPILE REDUCTIONS

In his 2009 Prague speech and the 2010 Nuclear Posture Review, President Barack Obama committed the United States to take concrete steps toward nuclear disarmament while maintaining a safe, secure, and effective nuclear deterrent. There is an inherent tension between these two goals that is best addressed through improved integration of nuclear weapons objectives with nuclear arms control objectives. This article reviews historical examples of the interaction between the two sets of objectives, develops a framework for analyzing opportunities for future integration, and suggests specific ideas that could benefit the nuclear weapons enterprise as it undergoes transformation and that could make the future enterprise compatible with a variety of arms control futures.     

导弹智能故障诊断专家系统的一种实现方法

针对导弹系统故障诊断的特点,将人工神经网络和专家系统技术结合起来,设计开发了一种导弹智能故障诊断专家系统,阐述了其系统结构及设计原理,该方法克服了传统的基于规则的专家系统的某些缺陷,在实际运用中是可行的。     

雷达装备战斗恢复力设计初探

本文阐述了雷达装备战斗恢复力的重要性,提出在雷达装备论证设计阶段就应考虑如何提高其战斗恢复力,以及研究开发全方位、全过程的测试诊断技术。     

LEARNING TO LIVE WITH A NUCLEAR IRAN

Claims that China is the only nuclear power currently expanding its arsenal fail to take into account the technical, historical, and bureaucratic realities that shaped China's nuclear posture and drive its ongoing modernization. China's strategic modernization is largely a process of deploying new delivery systems, not designing new nuclear warheads; the majority of its new missiles are conventionally armed. Today, China maintains the smallest operationally deployed nuclear force of any of the legally recognized nuclear weapon states, operates under a no-first-use pledge, and keeps its warheads off alert. The modernization of China's delivery systems is the culmination of a decades-long plan to acquire the same capabilities deployed by the other nuclear powers. U.S. concerns about this modernization focus too much on deterring a deliberate Chinese attack and ignore the risk that modernized U.S. and Chinese forces could interact in unexpected ways during a crisis, creating uncontrollable escalatory pressures. To manage this risk, Washington should assure Chinese leaders that it does not seek to deny China's deterrent, in exchange for some understanding that China will not seek numerical parity with U.S. nuclear forces.     

消除本体扰动的实现方法及分析

在一个大系统中,由于本体的运动,必然对装在其上的一些需要定向工作的仪器设备产生扰动。本文以自行高炮为例,提出了消除本体扰动的方法,并进行了仿真分析。     

ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MILITARY EXPENDITURE,THREAT, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: A NONLINEAR APPROACH

The main objective of the paper is to decipher the military expenditure–economic growth relationship, taking the level of economic development (income) into consideration. Our findings suggest the following: (i) military expenditure has a significantly negative relationship to economic growth for the 23 countries with initial incomes (threshold variable) less than or equal to $475.93; (ii) when the threat level is heightened, economic growth (23 countries) is expected to decrease. However, military expenditure in the presence of sufficiently large threats increases growth; (iii) for the remaining 69 countries whose initial incomes (real GDP per capita in 1992 price) exceed $475.93, no significant relationship exists whether the threat variable is taken into consideration or not.     

试论经济力量向军事力量的转化

国家经济力量是军事力量的唯一源泉,军队的战斗力大小是军事力量强弱的重要标志,提高战斗力是军队一切工作的核心。但是,经济力量并不等于就是军事力量和战斗力,要把经济力量变为军队的战斗力还要经过一系列的转化过程。其整个转化过程可分为三个步骤,即经济力量向保障力量要素的转化;保障力量要素向保障能力的转化;保障能力向战斗力的转化。认真研究这些转化过程和转化环节,掌握其转化途径、方法和转化机制,对于促进和加快转化速度,提高转化效率和军队战斗力,具有十分重要的现实意义,是加强质量建军,实现两个根本转变和做好军事斗争准备的关键。     

误差随机过程的一种数据预处理方法

在数据连续采集过程中,误差是一个随机的过程,有的误差数据出现“失真”,本文结合指挥仪综合检测中动态误差情况,提出一种平稳误差过程和非平稳误差过程的数据预处理方法。     

某型地地导弹发射车的RCMA

系统地对某型地地导弹发射车进行了RCMA分析。首先对系统进行层次编码 ,确定出重要功能产品 ,继而对其进行故障模式及影响分析、逻辑决断图分析等 ,为制定完整的某型地地导弹发射车的预防性维修大纲做好了理论准备工作     

双通道轴角系统的一种变通道采集方案

本文针对传统的轴角采集系统存在的缺点,提出了一种变通道采集方案,文中介绍了该方案的原理及系统组成,并重点讨论了系统编码组合及纠错处理的方法,最后对几种采集方案进行了比较。     

战术电磁导轨炮用电源初探

本文提出战术电磁导轨炮对电源的要求,依此分析了四种高功率脉冲电源特性。评述了它们在战术上的可用性.     

计盒维数在齿轮箱故障诊断中的应用

以齿轮箱为研究对象 ,给出了时间序列计盒维数的计算方法 ,探索利用分形理论进行旋转机械故障诊断的方法。实验数据处理结果表明 ,该方法简单易行 ,效果良好。     

提高火箭炮发火系统可靠性的一种方法

本文研究运用MCS-51系列单片机对火箭炮发火系统实施控制,探讨提高发火可靠性、实现发火系统自动检测和提高检测精度的方法。