军事仿真想定开发方法研究

军事仿真系统是一个十分复杂的系统,其仿真想定开发耗时耗力.目前主要靠人工为各个系统定制仿真想定,由于定制过程中参与人员众多,而且每个参与者都具有不同专业领域的知识背景,这样做给以后大系统仿真带来诸多不可移植问题.为解决军事仿真想定中资源、协作等问题,整个军事仿真想定开发的标准化至关重要.在详细考查了仿真想定相关概念基础上,提出了一种分层次合作开发军事作战仿真想定的方法,总结出了仿真想定开发标准流程,并介绍了一种基于可扩展标记语言XML的军事想定定义语言MSDL.     

联合作战系统体系结构(Smalltalk客户机-服务器、数据库中心仿真系统)

联合作战系统(JWARS)是一种必须超实时运行的随机离散事件仿真。它必须用多方作战的均衡表达方式来模拟战役级作战。JWARS包含战斗和战区间/战区内移动性,全都在战役级仿真的广度上有无法预料的结果。JWARS体系结构是为了使JWARS项目达到需求系统的要求而专门设计的。由于要求输入输出方便和数据配置管理严格,使之产生了数据库中心,用来解决复杂的人机界面系统的数据存储。这种数据中心方法要求密切注意从Smalltalk对象到RDBMS结构的映射。要求快速蒙特卡罗仿真试验把HCI系统从“仿真系统”中分离出来,允许每一给定仿真剧情的重放可在各分离的机器或处理机上运行。JWARS系统还包括一个JWARS管理控制系统(JACS),该系统控制“仿真系统”运行,允许用户连接到正在运行的仿真中,并在仿真出现时使结果可视化。本文论述了JWARS体系结构的组成,特别强调如何使用“可视时代Smalltalk”的开发环境来有效地支持主要设计的变化。     

电子战仿真

本文是电子战仿真的系列介绍,共十一节。主要对电子战仿真中的三类仿真,即计算机仿真、操作界面仿真和实物模拟进行了讨论和分析。     

地空导弹弹道仿真模型

地空导弹弹道仿真是地空导弹火力单元作战过程仿真的一个重要环节,仿真模型的合理性、算法的可行性、过程描述的正确性,直接影响防空作战仿真结果.从仿真的实际需要出发,给出不同引导方法下的弹道仿真模型、算法、过程描述及关键问题的解决方法,并通过实际应用验证了模型、算法的合理性、可行性和实用性.     

国外分布交互仿真的发展概况

文章综合论述了国外分布交互仿真的发展概况、特点及关键技术。并对目前国外分布交互式仿真的应用作了简单介绍。最后,针对我国未来发展的需要,提出了有关建议。     

导弹制导控制系统仿真

本文概述了仿真技术用于导弹武器系统研制所带来的好处和作用,从而说明建立导弹制导控制系统仿真试验室的必要性。文中对建立导弹制导控制系统仿真试验室应具备的主要仿真设备和进行仿真试验的步骤进行了论述。     

于综合大学教师教育专业课程设置的分析

综合大学举办教师教育是世界教育事业发展的趋势。目前我国综合大学在教师教育专业课程设置方面存在着诸多弊端。改革综合大学的教育专业课程设置成为当务之急。针对综合大学教育专业课程设置中的问题,本文提出了一些较为可行的改革对策和建议,以期优化综合大学教育专业课程的设置。     

新疆高校意识形态领域反分裂斗争的再认识

新形势下新疆高校思想政治工作面临着新情况、新问题。高校是新疆意识形态领域反分裂斗争的主战场，本文就如何进一步加强新疆高校形态领域反分裂斗争提出了具体的建议和对策。     

Thomas Firth and Sons – Steelmakers to the Arms Industries. Part 2: Heavy Armaments

Firth’s were the first of the Sheffield steel makers to enter the field armaments. Their involvement with Colt has been outlined in an article in the journal of the Colt Collectors Association in America and their activities as steelmakers to the small-arms industries has been covered in a previous issue of this Journal. This article gives a brief overview of their involvement as manufacturers in the field of heavy armaments, being the first to make all-steel guns and their evolving role in the use of steel for ordnance, culminating in the displacement of wrought iron by the adoption of steel for ordnance manufacture by the Royal Gun Factory in the 1880s. It also highlights their development of stainless steel in this context.     

Cognitivism,prospect theory,and foreign policy change: a comparative analysis of the politics of counterinsurgency in Malaya and Afghanistan

This article investigates the cognitive limitations on policy change in counterinsurgency (COIN) efforts by examining why American decision-makers failed to revise their government strategy substantially while fighting the insurgency in Afghanistan in 2003–2014 and why their British counterparts were more successful in adjusting their policies in the Malayan insurgency in 1948–1954. Unlike most of the COIN literature that concentrates on military strategy and tactics, the analysis of government policy-making in Malaya holds some important political lessons for American leaders today despite differences between the insurgencies in Afghanistan and British Malaya. As a response to the criticism of COIN studies in general that they lack theoretical guidance, this article utilizes an integrated cognitivist-prospect theory framework. It is argued that some of the COIN literature mistakenly suggests that a more difficult strategic situation was primarily responsible for American failure in Afghanistan. Instead, American decision-makers faced a more difficult task cognitively than their British counterparts, as policy change in Afghanistan would have required greater ideational change. American principals were much more attached to their beliefs emotionally, had no alternative problem representation, and had to shift between frames in order to engineer a response that was more in line with events on the ground in Afghanistan. Regarding prospect theory, findings indicate that gains frames appear to be unhelpful in monitoring progress until catastrophic failure endangers the reference point, and that decision-makers often have more than one reference point to attune their policies to, which often results in suboptimal choices with regard to at least one reference point.     

Casualty Rates of US Military Personnel During the Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan

Abstract

In Operation Iraqi Freedom, which ended in August 2010, nearly 3500 hostile deaths occurred among US military personnel and 32,000 more were wounded in action (WIA). More than 1800 hostile deaths occurred during Operation Enduring Freedom (in and around Afghanistan) through 2014 and about 20,000 were WIA. A larger proportion of wounded personnel survived in Iraq and Afghanistan than during the Vietnam War, but the increased survival rates were not as high as some studies have asserted. The survival rates were 90.2% in Iraq and 91.6% in Afghanistan, compared with 86.5% in Vietnam. The casualty rates varied between the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan and before, during, and after the respective surges. Amputation rates are difficult to measure consistently, but I estimate that 2.6% of all WIA and 9.0% of medically evacuated WIA from the Iraq and Afghanistan theaters combined resulted in the major loss of a limb. Elevated non-hostile death rates (including deaths due to accidents, illnesses, homicides, or suicides) resulted in about 220 more deaths in Iraq and about 200 more deaths in Afghanistan than would have been expected in peacetime among populations of the size deployed to those two conflicts.     

Women police in the Nigerian security sector

This article details the history and philosophy behind major changes in police tradition and organisation in Nigeria in 1955. Women in the Nigeria Police Force (NPF), influenced by their background as enforcers of societal norms, developed a type of social-work-oriented policing. Using primary and secondary sources of historical information, this article discusses the origin of women in the NPF, the specialised role of women in police work, and the changes that have been effected in the roles and functions of women in policing in Nigeria. Situated within the conceptual frameworks of patriarchy and gender, this article argues that gender biases impeded the incorporation of women into the police and, when eventually introduced, gender limitations constrained their roles, operations and activities.     

Unnecessary or unsung? The utilisation of airpower in Britain's colonial counterinsurgencies

Making extensive use of primary archival documents, this article seeks to explore whether airpower in three of Britain's most significant post-war colonial counterinsurgency campaigns, Malaya, Kenya and South Arabia, was an unnecessary part of British strategy, offering little useful military force due to the futility and strategic damage rendered by offensive bombardment, or whether airpower was indeed an unsung factor that provided operational flexibility through its effectiveness in a supply context, as well as its intelligence role in providing valuable aerial reconnaissance. In all three case studies the role played by the RAF in medical evacuations, in troop drops, in crop spraying during food-denial initiatives, and in providing ‘Voice Aircraft’ for the propaganda campaign, provide insights into an under-explored component of Britain's politico-military efforts in counterinsurgency in the 1950s and 1960s and suggests that the main strategic value of airpower in counterinsurgency, then and now, lies in its non-kinetic functions.     

Stopping Suicide Attacks: Optimal Strategies and Unintended Consequences

We study the behavior of defense spending in Switzerland over 1975–2001. Our main interest is in determining how neutrality in international affairs (non‐membership in military alliances) affects defense spending. We find that neutrality is associated with a perception of lower levels of external threat; hence it confers economic benefits in the form of a smaller defense burden. However, neutrality does not fully insulate a country from variations in the level of external threat in the global system as perceived by members of military alliances. Swiss defense spending has tracked very closely the spending trends – but at a lower average level – of the United States and other NATO countries. To the extent that post‐Cold War threats, such as international terrorism, materialize primarily in the context of existing security alliances, Swiss military spending patterns observed in 1975–2001 are likely to remain the same in the future.     

信息化训练场中雷达电磁兼容问题

电磁兼容是现代战场和电子对抗训练中影响装备作战效能和部队作战能力的重要因素,针对训练场雷达电磁兼容问题进行了研究,重点分析了雷达在电磁兼容环境下所形成的多种干扰条纹,然后从空域、时域、频域等多个方面初步探讨了解决信息化战场和训练场雷达电磁兼容问题的方法,相关研究对于训练中雷达电磁兼容管理和干扰效果评估具有重要参考价值.     

Unraveling the violence in Kazakhstan

There were several high-profile violent incidents in 2011 in Kazakhstan, including several bombings, shootings that targeted police, and a protest turned clash that resulted in a number of deaths. Some of the perpetrators reportedly had links with radical religious groups. An overlooked aspect of the violence is how it is reported in Kazakhstan. There are active, competent media in Kazakhstan, which are largely unknown in the West. An examination of these incidents using the media in Kazakhstan can provide a unique insight into what took place. While Western sources quickly blamed radical religious groups with international connections, media in Kazakhstan have found that there are other reasons for the violence.