新一代低空近程防空导弹系统探析

信息化条件下,空袭和防空概念的改变、空袭战术技术和防空战术技术的发展以及防空兵器技术的进步,对研制新一代低空近程防空导弹武器系统提出了新的需求。新一代低空近程防空导弹武器系统必须是能够适应世界任何地区局势变化的高机动、多用途、具有联网功能的防空系统。一、低空近程防空导弹系统的新需求由于防空兵器以微波雷达作为主要的搜索、跟踪和制导传感器,受其本身技术特点的限制,对低空、超低空目标的探测能力极为有限,而目标视线大角速度运动也给防空武器系统拦截超低空目标带来了极大的困难,这就使得低空、超低空突防可能获得较高…     

新一代低空近程防空导弹系统探析

信息化条件下,空袭和防空概念的转变以及技术的进步对研制新一代低空近程防空导弹武器系统提出了新的需求。它必须是能够适应世界任何地区局势变化的高机动、多用途、具有联网功能的防空系统。低空近程防空导弹系统的新需求防空兵器由于以微波雷达作为主要的搜索、跟踪和制导传感器,受其本身技术特点的限制,对低空、超低空目标的探测能力极为有限,而目标视线大角度运动也给防空武器系统拦截超低空目标带来了极大的困难,这就使得低空、超低空突防可能获得较高的成功率,从而导致了低空空袭技术兵器的成熟和低空空袭战术的长足发展,也导致了低空近程防空导弹武器系统概念     

便携式防空导弹反巡航导弹作战效能分析

采用美国工业界武器系统效能咨询委员会提出的 ADC模型 ,对某型便携式防空导弹武器系统拦截巡航导弹的作战效能进行了详细的数学建模和分析计算 ,并得出了计算结果。从计算结果可以看出 ,作为低空反巡航导弹的武器系统 ,某型便携式防空导弹具有较高的作战效能 ,在多发联射拦截巡航导弹时其作战效能还会有进一步的提高 ,因此具有大力推广的价值。     

低空防空与反战术导弹

鉴于近期局部战争的经验,根据低空防空的作战使命及低空防空的四种形式表明,低空防空书面临巡航导弹、反舰导弹、空地导弹、反辐射导弹及无人驾驶飞行器的严重威胁。文章分析了这些威胁目标的发展及特点;综述了具有反战术导弹能力的低空防空导弹武器系统、高炮、近距武器系统、弹炮结合防空系统及高能激光反导武器的发展及特点。     

防空导弹武器系统对目标群射击效能分析

针对当前空中来袭目标的主要特点,选择单个目标群作为研究对象,探索防空导弹武器系统的射击效能问题.一定假设条件下,以杀伤全部来袭目标的概率为效能指标,通过对防空导弹武器系统射击过程的分析,建立了拦截循环次数模型和多个拦截循环的射击效能模型,由这两个模型可以计算出对目标群的射击效能.通过仿真计算,分别分析目标通道数、来袭目标数、拦截循环次数、目标速度对防空导弹武器系统射击效能的影响,结果符合实际,验证了拦截循环次数模型的适用性和采用多个拦截循环射击效能模型的合理性.     

可拓论的防空导弹武器系统效能的研究

首次运用可拓学的基元理论,建立了防空导弹武器系统拦截方案的形式化可拓模型。利用可扩、发散和蕴含等拓展分析原理与可拓推理知识,对防空导弹武器系统火力转换、拦截方案的生成和筛选进行了形式化的可拓分析和建模,对防空效能的计算进行了仿真。实例仿真分析结果与实际作战过程相符,使防空导弹武器系统拦截方案的生成更加形式化,逻辑性更强,为防空导弹武器系统效能的计算提供了一个新方法和新思路,为下一步编写软件程序,实现智能化处理奠定了基础。     

弹炮结合防空武器系统综合研究

弹炮结合的防空武器系统,是将低空近程防空导弹和小口径高炮通过共用搜索、指挥、控制、通信系统或火控系统而构成的防空武器系统,用于打击低空和超低空来袭目标。它是随空防斗争发展而产生的一种综合防空武器系统,目前,已经成为现代防空的主要拦截武器之一。该系统有弹炮混编式、共用一个火控系统弹炮分置式和弹炮一体化式3种结合模式。其中后两种模式做到了技术和功能真正意义上的结合。弹炮结合系统综合了防空导弹射击精度高、射程较远和高炮反应快、火力密集、近距离毁伤概率大的优点,能对付低空近程内几乎所有的目标,是一种高性能防空…     

防空导弹系统在噪声干扰下的拦截效能评估模型

通过分析一个典型的空地对抗作战案例,用阶段概率法建立了防空导弹系统在噪声干扰下的拦截效能评估模型.通过适当的假设,具体分析了影响防空导弹系统在噪声干扰下拦截攻击机编队作战效能的3个主要因素防空雷达探测距离、防空导弹拦截次数和单枚导弹杀伤概率,并结合图例用解析法分别给出了各因素相应的解析模型.最后,给出了一个以攻击机编队生存概率为评估结果的防空导弹系统拦截效能模型.     

某型弹炮结合系统火力分配

在我军某防空部队创建某型导弹和高炮一体化武器系统过程中,对武器系统如何进行目标火力分配研究后,建立的分配模型.主要解决当多批次目标来临时,何时用导弹拦截,何时用高炮射击;用导弹拦截时,用哪一个火力单元中的导弹拦截;用高炮射击时,用哪一个火力单元中的高炮射击.事实证明,该复合型弹炮结合系统大大提高了武器系统火力分配效率,对我军旧装备进行信息化改造具有深远意义.     

区域防空导弹体系拦截空中目标群的效能研究

针对强敌空袭目标常以编队的形式实施空袭这一特点,运用排队论理论和概率论知识尝试解决防空导弹体系拦截空中目标群效能问题。确立了可行的效能指标,构建了两种类型的防空导弹武器系统效能评估模型,经过算例验证,该模型有一定的可行性,能够很好地为决策者提供部署拦截武器系统的理论,可以更好地发挥区域防空导弹体系的整体作战效能。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.