30 cm离子推力器栅极组件寿命预估及试验验证

为了预估30 cm离子推力器现有三栅极组件的整体寿命,采用有限元分析和PIC-MCC方法分别对栅极组件的热态平衡间距以及栅极不同区域的刻蚀速率进行了模拟和计算。结果显示,推力器达到热平衡状态时,减速栅整体变形呈现中心局部凹陷特征,加速栅整体变形呈均匀突起;在直径0～70 mm内的中心区域,两栅间距平均缩小0.057 mm;在直径70～140 mm内的环形区域,两栅间距平均增大0.129 mm;减速栅边缘区域小孔在1 500 h内的刻蚀速率达到6.25×10^-14 kg/s,而5 700 h的栅孔刻蚀速率相比1 500 h的降幅达到了15.4%;5 700 h的加速栅中心和边缘以及减速栅中心区域小孔的刻蚀速率相比1 500 h的降幅分别达到了8.0%、4.1%和3.6%。5 700 h的寿命试验结果显示,减速栅中心孔、加速栅中心和边缘孔的刻蚀基本呈线性,仿真与试验结果的比对误差均在10%以内。     

基于双相机的目标距离测量技术

对双目视觉测量方法进行了研究和分析,采用张正友平面法对相机进行内外参数标定,根据标定所得参数对立体图像对进行校正和匹配,测距实验结果表明,在目标距离为112 m的静态条件下,该方法测量误差在5%以内,能满足一定场合的非接触测量需求。最后对影响双目测量精度的主要因素进行了分析,指出了进一步优化和提高双目系统测距精度的方向。     

基于联合傅里叶变换测量CCD图像采集系统的像素问距

分析了CCD图像采集系统的像素间距测定的必要性,指出了靶板标定方法的缺点,介绍了联合傅里叶变换测量原理,给出了用测定CCD图像采集系统像素间距的测量装置以及测量方法。得到了实际测量的数据,并对数据进行了分析。     

基于自准直反射法的光学中心偏检测系统研究

提出了一种基于自准直反射法测量光学中心偏的检测方法,分析了其测量光学中心偏的基本原理,在此基础上设计了基于自准直反射法的光学镜组中心偏检测系统。系统采用CV-A1型CCD探测器组件,以轴向晃动≤1″、径向跳动≤1μm的高精度基准轴工作台配合PIV研华工控机进行数据采集和图像处理,系统测量精度为:角度≤2,″线度≤0.01 mm。实际应用表明,该系统适用于1.06μm激光探测系统光学镜组的在线装校及系统中心偏检测,也可用于其它光学系统中心偏的测量。     

RGB-D传感器的标定实验分析

分析了RGB-D传感器的标定模型及标定方法,利用标定棋盘和Matlab工具箱对RGB-D传感器进行了标定。采用摄像机标定方法计算了彩色摄像机和深度摄像机的初始化参数,根据标定棋盘和标定板的共面关系计算了相对位姿的初始估计值,并采用非线性最小化方法对标定参数进行了优化。实验结果表明:标定后的彩色图像和深度图像的重投影误差较小,深度测量不确定性标准差比标定前约减小了1/2,有效地提高了RGB-D传感器的测量精度。     

基于机器视觉的喷管摆角测试系统

针对摆动喷管摆角参数非接触的测试需求,设计了一种基于PC的喷管摆角的视觉测试系统,采用机器视觉的方法实现摆动喷管摆角的非接触测量,通过设计的模板匹配加圆拟合的复合式图像处理算法,在保证精度和速度的情况下检测喷管的轮廓及圆心,实现喷管摆角的测量,同时利用系统的标定算法校正了视觉系统中存在的畸变,边缘检测的算法降低了环境因素的影响,保证了测试系统的精度,具备现实环境下的实用性.     

一种工件孔径在线测量装置

本文介绍了可用于在线检测工件孔径的测量装置。该测量装置的探测头由三个电感传感器按一定角度配置构成。分析结果和实验结果都表明:传感器安装角度偏差是测量误差的主要起因;在一定条件下,测量精度优于±2μm.本装置可用作加工中心监控系统中的测量设备,除测量孔径外,还可测量刀具与工件孔之间的偏心量,特别适用于批量生产的在线质量检测。     

基于结构光的火炮身管内径测量系统设计与实现

针对当前火炮身管内径实时测量精度不高、难以满足部队技术保障需求的问题,采取模块化设计思路,研制了一套基于结构光的非接触式测量系统。该系统利用光学成像模块采集结构光图像,在控制模块的协调下,通过传动模块的带动,实现身管炮膛内径的全程测量。实验表明:标定参数β=0. 010 084 37时,身管内径的测量值基本在154. 85～154. 95 mm之间,与设计尺寸相比,测量误差≤0. 013 mm,能满足设计指标需求。     

纳米级分辨率的光纤位移传感器的设计和建模

本文介绍了一种光纤纳米级分辨率的非接触式测量系统。对实验的设置、噪声和时频响应进行了具体介绍和分析。实验设置包括一项减小激光源波动的技术。并用一个分辨率为1.25nm的激光干涉仪(AXIOM2/20)来监控的线性低电压压电陶瓷驱动台进行标定。光纤传感器具有从50到150μm稳定的准线性测量范围。     

光纤陀螺一维惯性角度测量误差标定技术研究

针对光纤陀螺的一维惯性角度测量系统长期工作时产生较大的随时间累积误差,提出了一种新型角度测量误差的实时标定方法。此方法基于光学三角法测距的原理,利用2个激光位移传感器测量的位移实现角度的实时测量,在高精度转台上对测试系统进行了实验验证,通过最小二乘拟合法对误差进行了补偿。实验结果表明,该系统的角度测量范围±10°,角度测量精度±0.005°,为光纤陀螺在长时间角度测量方面提供了角度基准。该标定技术使用非接触光学测量方法,对被测物体表面无损伤。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.