谈层状硅酸盐纳米复合材料的研究与应用

层状硅酸盐(PLS)纳米复合材料因同时具备力学性能、气体阻隔性能、热稳定性能、耐溶剂性能和阻燃性能,成为被诸多社会领域关注的新型阻燃高分子材料,其中在消防工程阻燃层面有着深入的应用。研究PLS纳米复合材料应用问题,可以进一步了解其阻燃机理,提升消防工程的质量。     

聚溴化苯乙烯阻燃聚乙烯热解动力学研究

用聚溴化苯乙烯作为阻燃剂，制备了阻燃聚乙烯（PE），利用TG方法研究了PE和阻燃PE在氮气气氛下的热解动力学行为，并用改进的非等温动力学方法研究了其热解动力学。结果表明，加入阻燃剂后材料的初始分解温度提前，阻燃材料的热解区间变宽，阻燃体系的平均失重速率下降，最大失重速率下降，主要分解阶段的残炭率高于未阻燃PE，聚溴化苯乙烯阻燃效果明显，可用于聚乙烯阻燃，说明大分子溴系阻燃剂具有较好的发展潜力。氮气气氛下未阻燃聚乙烯的热解过程只存在一个失重阶段，而阻燃材料在相同温度范围内呈现不同的失重阶段，且在各失重阶段其反应机理函数也发生变化；活化能、指前因子都有所不同，阻燃材料的活化能大于未阻燃材料，且活化能在整个失重阶段是随着温度和转化率的变化而变化的，说明阻燃剂的加入改变了材料的热解行为。     

锥形量热仪在阻燃材料研究中的应用

锥形量热仪在阻燃材料研究中可以研究阻燃机理、阻燃剂在材料中的阻燃效果,评价阻燃材料的燃烧性和阻燃性以及烟和毒气的释放。     

红外发射率可变材料在航天器热控技术中的应用

基于热致变色和电致变色的可变发射率涂层或器件由于其重量轻、体积小、能耗少、调控灵活等优点在航天器热控技术中具有极大的应用前景.红外发射率可变材料是可变发射率涂层或器件的核心,主要有电致变发射率材料和热致变发射率材料两类.分析了红外发射率可变材料在航天器热控中应用的原理,重点介绍了钙钛矿型复合氧化物(A1-xBxMO3)、二氧化钒(VO2)、三氧化钨(WO3)、导电高分子(CPs)等四类典型红外发射率可变材料应用于航天器热控的研究进展.根据航天器总体和热控技术的发展需求,指出了未来航天器热控用红外发射率可变材料的发展趋势.     

典型外墙保温材料火灾特性的微燃烧量热仪实验研究

通过对我国建筑保温材料的调研与分析,选取了未经阻燃处理的XPS、EPS和PU建筑外墙保温材料,以及经过卤素阻燃处理的PU,采用微燃烧量热仪,对其典型火灾参数(燃烧组成值、热释放速率峰值、总热释放量和点燃温度)进行了实验分析.结果表明,同样未经阻燃处理的PU材料的燃烧组成值和热释放速率峰值不足PS材料相应火灾参数值的1/5,PU相对更显火灾安全性.此外,经过卤素阻燃的PU各释热相关参数值较小.     

ABS阻燃制品火灾模拟研究

利用未阻燃的ABS、15％十溴二苯醚（DBDPO）阻燃的ABS及15％十溴二苯乙烷（DBDPE）阻燃的ABS锥形量热仪燃烧试验数据，将上述三种材料的锥形量热仪实验数据运用到FDS的输入文件中，运用FDS对上述三种材料进行了火灾模拟。模拟过程以直观、可视的方式反映了所选材料烟气层温度的变化，并相应计算出安全疏散时间。经DBDPO和DBDPE阻燃的ABS发生火灾时的可用安全疏散时间由未阻燃前的67．7s增加到150s以上，由此可知阻燃材料的使用可以使火灾时人员逃生的时间明显增加。     

无卤磷系阻燃环氧树脂复合材料的制备及阻燃性能研究

采用双酚A-双（磷酸二苯酯）分别与聚磷酸铵和纳米二氧化硅复配制备新型无卤阻燃环氧树脂（EP）材料。通过氧指数、垂直燃烧和锥形量热研究环氧树脂复合体系的阻燃性能。通过热失重和电镜扫描分析对比不同阻燃体系的热分解过程及燃烧炭层结构，推测阻燃机理。     

阻燃剂的包覆研究

本文对溴系阻燃剂三（２,３－二溴丙基）异三聚氰酸酯（ＴＢＣ）进行了较深入的包覆研究,对包覆ＴＢＣ进行了热分析、电镜扫描和阻燃性能测试,并将包覆ＴＢＣ用于阻燃聚乙烯,在提高材料氧指数上优于未包覆者。     

地面目标红外辐射特征测试研究

为研究地面目标红外辐射特征,进行了室内材料测试和外场地面目标测试,分析材料材质、太阳辐射、风速、空气温湿度、自身热源等因素对地面目标红外辐射特征的影响。结果表明:材料材质对红外辐射特征影响显著;冷态时,地面目标红外辐射特征主要受太阳辐射影响,其次是空气温度、材料热容量和风速;热态时,地面目标红外辐射特征主要受工作热源影响,其次是太阳辐射、空气温度、材料热容量和风速。在进行地面目标红外隐身设计时,应考虑太阳辐射、自身热源等因素的影响,并从结构设计和材料使用两方面着手。     

古建筑防火新技术研究

阐述了古建筑火灾的危险性,并从本质安全的角度研究了古建筑中木材、纤维织物的阻燃措施。指出木材的阻燃处理方法通常采用物理和化学方法,而化学方法可采用表面涂覆、浸渍处理、化学改性三种方法;纤维织物阻燃处理采用共聚阻燃改性、共混阻燃改性、阻燃后整理、接枝共聚、皮芯型复合纺丝等方法。可以根据具体情况选用合适的阻燃处理方法,从而达到降低材料可燃性的目的,大大提高古建筑的火灾风险等级。     

无铅汽油中烯烃、芳烃含量的分析

随着环境保护意识的加强,车用无铅汽油国家标准GB 17930-1999中对烯烃、芳烃含量提出了明确限值要求。相应分析方法是GB／T 11132-2002液体石油产品烃类测定法(荧光指示剂吸附法,FIA),该方法操作过程复杂,试验时间长,试验结果偏差大。为改进对汽油中烯烃、芳烃含量的测试方法,人们在这方面做了大量研究工作。对目前采用的快速、简便分析汽油中烯烃、芳烃含量的气相色谱和近红外光谱分析方法进行了评述。     

计算机辅助设计在BDP阻燃PC/ABS合金配方中的应用

在前人对BDP阻燃PC/ABS合金的实验研究基础上,借助计算机强大的运算能力辅助BDP阻燃PC/ABS合金进行了配方设计。根据BP三层感知器神经网络结构,确定了用于BDP以及BDP/SiO2复配体系阻燃PC/ABS合金配方建模的人工神经网络的输入、输出以及隐层模式,选用Sigmoid函数作为用于建模的BP网络各层的激活函数,以PC/ABS、SiO2和BDP三组分在配方中的比重作为三层BP人工神经网络的输入,通过设置3个隐层节点,建立以极限氧指数（LOI）或伸长率分别作为输出的单目标模型。经过利用9对试样分别作为训练样本和测试样本对网络进行训练、测试,当输出量设为极限氧指数（LOI）时,预测误差在±4%以内;当输出量设为伸长率时,预测误差在±5%以内,均能满足实用配方的要求。     

红外线式电暖器热辐射引起火灾的研究

本文从理论上阐明了红外线式电暖器引燃可燃物的可能性,通过对普通家具材料的热辐射试验,获取了影响这种引燃的条件和现场残留痕迹物证的特征。这对于安全使用电暖器及其引起火灾原因的调查有着重要的意义。     

红外烟幕面积的摄像测试方法

从分析多波段红外烟幕性能和它在热像仪上的成像规则入手,阐述了应用热成像测试方法的基本思想、硬件配置与工作流程,详细介绍了热成像测试方法中有关烟幕面积计算的数学方法以及在本测试方法中使用的去除噪声和图像增强的图像处理过程,最后对整个热成像测试方法作了简单的分析。     

近红外光谱技术快速测定汽油中芳烃、稀烃含量

对近红外光谱法预测汽油中的稀烃、芳烃含量进行了研究,用全交互验证法对36个不同油库、加油站汽油样品中的稀烃、芳烃含量进行了预测。研究结果表明,近红外光谱法预测汽油中的稀烃、芳烃含量方法可靠,预测结果能够满足国家标准对稀烃、芳烃含量分析的误差要求。     

Theoretical calculation and experimental study on the interaction mechanism between TKX-50 and AP

The combination of 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50) and ammonium perchlorate (AP) can make greater use of the chemical energy of TKX-50 based energetic materials. The research on the interaction mechanism between TKX-50 and AP is very important for designing TKX-50-AP compounds and judging the formation feasibility of composite particles, which can lay a theoretical foundation for the preparation of TKX-50-AP mixed crystals and the application of TKX-50 in propellant, propellant and explosive. Herein, in order to research the interaction mechanism between TKX-50 and AP, density-functional theory calculation was applied to optimize three configurations of TKX-50-AP compounds. The geometry structure, electrostatic potential and binding energy of the compounds were predicted, and the electronic density topological analysis was also carried out. Then TKX-50-AP mixed crystals structures were constructed, and the radial distribution function of H–O and H–N in mixed crystals was calculated. Finally, solvent/non-solvent method was applied to prepare TKX-50-AP composites, and the infrared spectroscopy and the non-isothermal decomposition performance of the composites were characterized. Results show that the superposition of positive charges in TKX-50 molecule and negative charges in AP makes the electrostatic potential distributions of TKX-50-AP compounds different from that of TKX-50 and AP. The interaction energies of TKX-50-AP 1, TKX-50-AP 2 and TKX-50-AP 3 are 39.743 kJ/mol, 61.206 kJ/mol and 27.702 kJ/mol, respectively. The interaction between TKX-50 molecules and AP molecules in TKX-50-AP mixed crystals both depends on hydrogen bonds and van der Waals force, and the number and strength of hydrogen bonds are significantly greater than that of van der Waals force. The composition of AP and TKX-50 makes the absorption peak of the five-membered rings and NH₃OH⁺ of TKX-50 shift to low wavenumber in the infrared spectroscopy. In general, TKX-50 interacts with AP via hydrogen bonds and van der Waals force, and the calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental results. The composition of TKX-50 and AP can also prolong the decomposition process.     

Ballistic response of armour plates using Generative Adversarial Networks

It is important to understand how ballistic materials respond to impact from projectiles such that informed decisions can be made in the design process of protective armour systems. Ballistic testing is a standards-based process where materials are tested to determine whether they meet protection, safety and performance criteria. For the V₅₀ ballistic test, projectiles are fired at different velocities to determine a key design parameter known as the ballistic limit velocity (BLV), the velocity above which projectiles perforate the target. These tests, however, are destructive by nature and as such there can be considerable associated costs, especially when studying complex armour materials and systems. This study proposes a unique solution to the problem using a recent class of machine learning system known as the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). The GAN can be used to generate new ballistic samples as opposed to performing additional destructive experiments. A GAN network architecture is tested and trained on three different ballistic data sets, and their performance is compared. The trained networks were able to successfully produce ballistic curves with an overall RMSE of between 10 and 20 % and predicted the V₅₀ BLV in each case with an error of less than 5 %. The results demonstrate that it is possible to train generative networks on a limited number of ballistic samples and use the trained network to generate many new samples representative of the data that it was trained on. The paper spotlights the benefits that generative networks can bring to ballistic applications and provides an alternative to expensive testing during the early stages of the design process.     

Insensitive energetic microspheres DAAF/RDX fabricated by facile molecular self-assembly

Insensitive energetic materials are promising in the defense weapons field. However, energetic materials still suffer from great challenges and the concern about their safety limits their utilization. In this work, insensitive energetic explosive 3,3′-diamino-4,4′-azoxyfurazan/hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (DAAF/RDX) microspheres were fabricated by self-assembly method. Rod-like DAAF/RDX was prepared by mechanical ball milling for comparison. DAAF/RDX composites with different mass ratios (90:10, 80:20, and 70:30) were obtained. The morphologies and structures of as-obtained DAAF/RDX composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that DAAF/RDX microspheres exhibited regular shaped microspheres with sizes from 0.5 to 1.2 μm. There was no crystal transition during the modification process. The thermal properties of as-obtained materials were then evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and materials studio software. DAAF/RDX microspheres showed an advanced decomposition peak temperature compared with rod-like DAAF/RDX. The binding energy and peak temperature values at zero β_i (T_P0) of DAAF/RDX (90:10) increased by 36.77 kJ/mol, 1.6 °C, and 58.11 kJ/mol, 12.3 °C compared to DAAF/RDX (80:20) and DAAF/RDX (70:30), indicating the better thermal stability of DAAF/RDX (90:10). The characteristic drop height (H₅₀) of DAAF/RDX (higher than 100 cm) composites was higher than that of raw RDX (25 cm), suggesting significant improvements in mechanical safety. The preparation of DAAF/RDX microspheres is promising for the desensitization of RDX and useful for the formation of other materials and future wide applications.     

辅助镀膜离子源及立方氮化硼薄膜的制备研究

为选出合适的辅助离子源进行沉积制备c-BN薄膜,通过对高能和低能辅助镀膜离子源的重要性能进行比较研究之后,在单晶Si基体进行应用制备立方氮化硼薄膜,用红外光谱(FTIR)及光电子能谱(XPS)分析技术,对不同辅助离子源制备沉积的薄膜,进行比较表征,得出结论:低能辅助镀膜离子源,比高能辅助镀膜离子源更适用于制备立方氮化硼薄膜。