态势估计中编队作战空间关系表示及其推理

空间关系表示及其推理是态势估计的基本问题。提出了海军编队作战空间的概念,分析了几种典型的空间形式并探讨了相应的描述方法,基于对B.Clarke空间理论的分析,针对两支编队海上作战的态势演变,提出了海军编队作战的区域拓扑关系、及其符号表示和推理的符号集合,并采用合理化的形式推导了空间区域的相加、相交、补集和全集等谓词推理运算,它将适用于构建海军编队态势估计的空间推理基础框架。     

战场态势估计和威胁估计

描述了战场态势、态势估计和威胁估计的概念。对态势估计从态势要素提取、态势评估推理及态势预测三方面进行了分析,重点对态势评估中的功能领域如:目标合并、协同关系推理、战场主动权指数计算、作战能力评估、重要目标估计及敌战斗序列估计等的含义、内容和实现步骤进行详细阐述。对威胁估计的内容和主要功能也进行了描述。     

基于可信度理论的一种态势估计方法

态势估计是战场决策的基础,而如何进行正确的战场决策对战斗有着重要的影响。在对态势估计进行分析的基础上,根据可信度理论,提出了一种对态势估计问题进行推理的方法。该方法能够进行融合推理得到态势假设和事件之间的潜在关系,为决策提供依据。实例验证的结果表明,此方法对当前战场态势可给出有效的综合评价和理解,具有较高的可信性。     

C3I系统中的态势关联技术

态势关联是在态势估计前必须解决的一个问题,即要将不同时刻的态势数据进行关联,得到各个时刻态势数据中描述的目标间的关系。对时间间隔比较长的态势数据的关联,研究了一种基于模糊推理的态势关联方法,综合考虑了目标属性信息和状态信息、战场环境信息、指挥人员的态势预估计知识,通过推理得到关联的结果。     

贝叶斯网络用于作战态势评估

作为一种知识表示和进行概率推理的框架,贝叶斯网络在具有内在不确定性的推理和决策问题中得到了广泛的应用.因果推理是态势评估中的一个重要环节,用贝叶斯网络找出态势假设和事件之间的潜在关系,正是态势评估所需完成的功能.提出了构建贝叶斯网络进行态势估计的步骤,分析了态势估计系统事件的层次.给出一个具体的实例,演示了使用贝叶斯网络进行态势估计的过程.     

C3I系统中的态势关联技术

态势关联是在态势估计前必须解决的一个问题,即要将不同时刻的态势数据进行关联,得到各个时刻态势数据中描述的目标间的关系.对时间间隔比较长的态势数据的关联,研究了一种基于模糊推理的态势关联方法,综合考虑了目标属性信息和状态信息、战场环境信息、指挥人员的态势预估计知识,通过推理得到关联的结果.     

战场态势估计的理论体系研究

态势估计是数据融合体系中的一个重要层次。战场态势估计在现代作战中发挥了越来越重要的作用,但到目前为止关于态势估计的理论体系还没有一种比较统一的看法。本文从态势估计在数据融合中的地位出发,以态势估计处理融合数据的具体流程为根据,建立了三个层次的态势估计层次结构,解决了关于态势估计具体需要研究的内容问题。     

信息化战场环境下态势估计系统及其仿真技术

态势估计是数据融合体系中的一个重要层次.在当前信息化战争的环境下,态势估计技术在战斗中的作用显得尤为重要,目前国内关于态势估计的研究大多数处在概念研究的阶段.分析了态势估计的基本原理,给出了在信息化战场环境中态势估计的处理流程,构建了一个基于专家系统的态势估计系统,并采用HLA技术,利用VR_Force和VC开发了一套空战态势估计仿真系统.     

用于态势估计的贝叶斯网络方法

态势估计系统需要对大量的不确定性知识进行处理,不确定性知识表示和推理是态势估计中的研究热点.利用贝叶斯网络技术,可以实现对不确定性知识的处理.为此讨论了贝叶斯网络理论,详细分析了态势估计的功能模型,提出事件检测是态势估计的核心和起点,研究了用于态势估计的贝叶斯网络的构建方法.该方法充分考虑贝叶斯网络的几项基本要素,可以解决态势估计领域中贝叶斯网络的构建问题.贝叶斯网络技术在态势估计领域具有广阔的前景,将极大地推动态势估计系统的发展.     

防空反导智能战场态势估计研究

在军事科技理论面临着巨大变革的背景下,为解决防空反导战场态势估计智能化发展的问题,通过对态势估计的三层模型进行分析以及对防空反导态势的要素构成进行探讨,研究了OODA环中防空反导态势估计的过程,建立了防空反导智能战场态势估计的系统模型,深入地探讨了阻碍防空反导智能化战场态势估计研究的五方面问题以及有望解决问题的关键技术措施,从而为防空反导智能战场态势估计研究提供了新思路。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.