The Imperfect Peace: Explaining Paramilitary Violence in Northern Ireland

This article examines why paramilitary campaigns in Northern Ireland have continued despite the current peace process. In advancing three instrumental explanations of paramilitary violence, the author provides a useful analytical framework which shows that while organizational interpretations are dominating the public discourse, republicans and loyalists continue to use paramilitary violence as a strategic means of threat and coercion. Furthermore, even though policy implications are not discussed in detail, it will be demonstrated that the dominance of organizational imperatives has resulted in excessive leniency by the state, which - in turn - has contributed to the fragility of the peace process.     

Leaderless Global Jihadism: The Paradox of Discriminate Violence

Jihadist violence is typically associated with being particularly indiscriminate. Often, as in variations of the ‘new terrorism’ thesis, this characteristic is proposed to correspond in some way to its other attributes such as its globalised, decentralised and ‘postmodern’ religious nature. Recent work appears to give more substance to such claims, by claiming to show a relationship between indiscriminate violence and decentralised group organisation. However, in this paper we show, based on an analysis of jihadist targeting in Western Europe and America from 2001 to 2013, that targeting choices by jihadists unconnected to organised militant groups have in fact been consistently more, rather than less discriminate in their targeting choices than their better-integrated peers. Drawing on this finding, as well as a broader reading of jihadist targeting discourses, we argue for a more complex understanding of the relationship between radicalisation, extremist ideology, decentralisation, and targeting choice.     

Ideoscapes in the World Society: Framing Violence in Somalia

The article uses the example of the Somali war to analyse how globally travelling ideas and political concepts are adapted to local settings and translated into frames that promote collective action and feature violence. It outlines how two ideas with universal claim, nationalism and modernisation were combined with an anti-colonial rhetoric and evolved into the meta-narrative of Somali history. This meta-narrative changed little, and keywords such as (pan-Somali) nationalism, anti-colonialism, development, sovereignty structure most of the discursive repertoires of political actors in Somalia. The main difference is that politicized clan affiliations were during the war dragged out of their shadowy existence and placed in the spot-light of political practice. They alone were however not sufficient to justify claims to power, but were complemented by ‘injustice’, ‘modernisation’ and ‘territorial’ narratives that justified violent deeds as ‘liberation’, ‘defence’ or ‘territorial rights’. Islamists employed similar key narratives and revived the pan-Somali anti-colonialist nationalism, but rooted it in a religious rational. Their ability to abandon culturalised frames contributed to their success.     

大力弘扬南梁精神 努力培育优良作风

20世纪30年代,刘志丹、谢子长、习仲勋等人在领导创建陕甘革命根据地的艰苦斗争中,形成了南梁精神。这一精神包括坚定信念、百折不回,实事求是、勇于创新,顾全大局、团结进取和一心为民、面向群众四个方面。大力弘扬南梁精神,不仅有助于加强党性修养、培育优良作风、坚持群众路线,还是军队履行使命的有力保证。为了切实增强弘扬南梁精神的实效性,必须坚持领导带头,不断推动领导作风的根本好转;依靠文化传承,大力促进华夏文明传承创新区建设;立足岗位实践,夯实军队"能打仗、打胜仗"的思想基础。     

好战友 好搭档 好兄长——回忆王诚汉同志

我和诚汉同志是从1982年10月开始在一起搭班子的。他就地提升任成都军区司令员,我从北京军区副政委提任成都军区政治委员。尽管我们在一个班子工作仅3年时间,但诚汉同志政治敏锐、胸怀豁达、作风朴实、为人宽厚的思想政治品格,给大家留下了深刻的     

Framing Political Violence: Success and Failure of Religious Mobilization in the Philippines and Thailand

How do religious civil wars evolve? Many violent conflicts are fought between groups of different faiths. The paper argues, however, that religious differences rarely directly lead to conflict onset. Rather, the apparent religious dimension of many civil wars is a consequence of successful religious framing. Political and military leaders offer religious interpretations designed to legitimize the use of force and to mobilize believers to violent action. Such framing processes can be more or less successful, depending inter alia on the authority of the political and religious leadership, on the coherence and appropriateness of the frames, on the existence of persuasive counter-frames, and on the availability of communication infrastructures that allow for effective dissemination of religious frames. Comparing violent conflicts in the Philippines and Thailand, the paper shows that religious mobilization can fail along the theoretically predicted lines.     

城市居民小区地震火灾发生率的非线性预测

利用人工神经网络对地震火灾发生率进行非线性预测具有实用价值和理论意义。分析了人工神经网络预测的优势和不足,并提出算法改进意见,在综合分析人工神经网络预测的工作机理、构造方式以及影响城市居民小区地震火灾发生率的主要因素的基础上,构造人工神经网络模型进行火灾发生率的实例预测,并针对预测结果分析了各影响要素对地震火灾发生率发生影响的强弱程度,非线性预测的结果与预期结果相符。     

城市化进程中城中村消防安全改造探究

随着经济快速发展和城市化步伐的进一步加快,城中村问题应运而生。从探求城中村产生的原因出发,分析了城中村存在的多种消防安全问题,并就如何改造城中村的消防安全隐患提出了建议,旨在有效预防和控制城中村火灾事故发生。     

城市火灾危害的多因素灰色关联度研究

在对城市火灾危害的主要因素分析的基础上,应用灰色关联度分析方法,归纳了不同火灾风险因素对城市火灾危害性的影响程度,通过对灰色关联度的计算,对不同因素的火灾危害性进行了排序。     

与生活相结合的城市设计--重庆城市空间设计中的问题探讨

以重庆为例深刻剖析当前城市建设中市区高层化、住区封闭化、街道空间程式化所带来的一系列弊端,并在此基础上提出重庆城市中心区设计应遵循"簇群式"生长的空间模式,以延续城市的肌理和文脉;社区空间设计应注重"可居性",弱化城市空间公共性与私密性的矛盾;倡导以人的活动为设计依据的"网络形"街道空间模式,最终认为将城市设计与城市生活相结合是城市焕发活力的有效途径.     

扎扎实实做好军事训练中的政治工作

着眼应急作战准备开展训练中的政治工作,党委要明确指导思想,保证训练的正确方向;在教育、管理和训练过程中着力培养过硬的战斗精神;适应军事训练形式的发展变化,不断改进方法手段,增强政治工作的主动性、针对性和实效性     

The next step in Somalia: exploiting victory,post-Mogadishu

From 2006 to 2011, al-Qaeda's East African proxy, al-Shabaab, served as the de facto ruling party of Somalia despite the efforts of the internationally recognised Transitional Federal Government (TFG). During these five years, a violent struggle between al-Shabaab and the peacekeeping force of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) resulted in thousands of dead civilians, hundreds of thousands of internally displaced persons and a strategic environment inhospitable to reconciliation, recovery or development. By 2012, AMISOM was able to break the deadlock and force al-Shabaab from Mogadishu and Kismayo. In order to continue the momentum, the African Union and other partner nations must support the TFG in neutralising al-Shabaab throughout Somalia and providing good governance to its constituents. Al-Shabaab's revenue streams must be shut down and its offensive capability must be degraded while the strategic environment is shaped to ensure that conditions conducive to a revival do not exist. Failure to do so will likely see Somalia continuing to produce Islamist extremists and pirates to menace international maritime traffic in the western Indian Ocean, destabilise East Africa and adversely impact millions.     

以优质的信息服务打造武警高校名牌图书馆

武警院校图书馆要以提供优质的信息服务为着眼点,不断创新服务理念、服务方法和服务手段,并通过各项措施保障优质信息服务,达到创建武警高校名牌图书馆的目的。     

基于层次需求理论视角的大学生良好人际沟通与交往模式的构建

良好的人际沟通和交往能力是高校不容忽视的育人课题和素质教育重要内容.对于该实践性知识的习得,大学生须从个人层面提高对于人际沟通与交往的认知水平,理解并认同良好人际关系的若干原则及其要素,进而由个体自身在社会活动的具体情境中去反思、成长.马斯洛层次需求理论(Maslow's hierarchy of needs)是人类激励理论,也是关于“人性”的理论,为良好人际关系模式的构建提供了理论依据和支撑,借助该理论,从相应层级的五个维度演绎并解释良好人际沟通与交往的五原则(人本性原则、利他性原则、相互性原则、平等性原则和交换性原则)和五要素(乐群、礼让、真诚、赞美和付出),并从高校教育者角度提出了相应的教育态度及内容.     

现代社会城市灾害的表现形式及其原因分析

工业社会的城市灾害突出的表现为各式各样的环境公害,城市环境恶化日益引起人们的普遍关注。城市是一个国家和地区政治、经济、文化的中心,又是人口、财富、信息的聚散地,正是现代化城市的这种特征造成了一旦发生灾害就会导致灾难。城市灾害的防治和减灾事关一个城市的存亡。传统的城市灾害的特点表现为人员伤亡惨重、经济损失巨大、社会影响广泛等。进入21世纪,随着城市化进程的加快,城市灾害表现出了许多新的形式。例证了几种城市灾害,并分析了导致这些城市灾害的各种原因,寻求解决城市灾害的有效途径。