Worth many sins: Al-Shabaab’s shifting relationship with Kenyan women

ABSTRACT

What happens when the world’s ‘oldest profession’ interacts with history’s oldest form of war? In the Horn of Africa, a symbiotic relationship between prostitutes and terrorists has emerged, illuminating critical information about the group’s ideology and strategy. In this article, we argue that al-Shabaab’s differential treatment of Somali and other East African women reveals the group’s strategic focus on Somalia, despite its claims to be a globally focused Islamic extremist organization. Through original ethnographic fieldwork in Kenya, the authors explore al-Shabaab’s deliberate relationships with different groups of women and explain how this helps scholars better understand the group. This article suggests the next phase of scholarship on gender and terrorism, encouraging scholars not only to pay attention to the relationship between women and terrorist groups, but to also examine the nuanced relationships between different categories of women and terrorist groups.     

军事权的宪政解读

基于对军事权潜在危险性和强大破坏力的忧虑,近代宪法力图将其安定在预设的框架之内。但军事权并非与人类的宪政文明天然相容。所以,现代宪法需要以分权理念来消解军事权的集权性、以平等理念来消解军事权的强隶属性、以正义理念来消解军事权的极端性。于是,各国的宪法文本通常需要在军事权的增强与节制、区隔与融合、明确与模糊间作出权衡。另外,理解军事权的宪法规制还应当超越宪法文本,探究那些行宪过程中能够影响甚至决定军事权的隐性规则。从而真正理解政治制度、文化传统、风俗习惯乃至人们之间以默会的方式发挥作用的信念和原则对军事权运作的重大影响。     

论马克思平等观对资产阶级平等观的超越

从对比马克思平等观与资产阶级平等观的内涵入手,论述了在资本主义条件下平等事实上已经异化为不平等,阐述了马克思平等观对资产阶级平等观的超越,并从生产力、生产关系和生产方式的角度论述了马克思平等观对人类历史上一切旧平等观的根本改造。     

Piracy,state capacity and root causes

By comparing the Somali experience of piracy with the emerging situation in the Gulf of Guinea, I show that increases in the enforcement aspects of state capacity in the Gulf of Guinea states are necessary but not sufficient tools to combat the emergence, growth, and institutionalisation of piracy. Such tools would require state-building measures that would minimise the incentives of individuals to join piracy organisations and they would have to effectively deal with youth unemployment, income inequality, and environmental degradation.     

基于副翼效率C_3辨识的导弹自动驾驶仪设计

在无法得知导弹飞行高度和速度的情况下,所设计的导弹自动驾驶仪增益难以满足全空域飞行的需要。本文采用一种基于横滚通道副翼效率C3辨识的自动驾驶仪增益设计方法,利用此方法设计的自动驾驶仪增益能够满足导弹全空域飞行的需要。     

ANGOLAN DEADLOCK

Children on the African continent have suffered immensely from the proliferation and misuse of small arms, including death, injury, displacement, separation from families, loss of access to health, humanitarian and educational services, and lack of economic opportunities. Further, over 300,000 children serve as child soldiers, relying on small arms as their tools of war. The international community has worked to establish protections for children for over 50 years, yet children continue to suffer. The recent UN Special Session on Children adopted ‘A world fit for children’, which, in combination with the Programme of Action agreed upon at the July 2001 UN Conference on Small Arms, begins to address a comprehensive approach to eliminating the negative impacts of small arms proliferation on children in conflict.     

Glimpse into an army at its peak: notes on the Somali National Army in the 1960–80s

ABSTRACT

Bagayoko, Hutchful, and Luckham correctly argue that the structures, characteristics, and operating methods of official security institutions in Africa have been somewhat neglected, with a lack of much recent research. The Somali National Army (SNA) sits among these lacunae. Its formal structures can be used as a skeletal starting point and springboard to start to draw the network diagrams that chart informal linkages. This is why recent declassification decisions by U.S. intelligence bodies, coupled with period documents released to the UK National Archives, hold significance in helping us understand early hierarchical SNA arrangements. They show the steady build-up in size of the force, to 1987, to about the time the civil war began to fragment the state.