针对不同视场辅助信标的无人机目标定位方法

针对无人机在单站测角测距的目标定位过程中受无人机姿态角误差影响较大的问题，提出一种对辅助信标进行探测并与惯性传感器相结合的无人机姿态求解方法。建立基于容积卡尔曼滤波的惯性传感器姿态求解模型，采用梯度下降法对基于辅助信标的无人机位姿参数进行求解，并综合它们的结果对无人机的姿态偏差进行估计和校正，最后完成了不同视场条件下的目标定位和仿真计算。结果表明，所提方法对无人机目标定位精度有明显提高。     

联合侦察图像对岸上目标定位方法

随着卫星和无人机技术日趋成熟,使用卫星和无人机搭载成像设备执行战场侦察任务,及时获取敌方阵地图像信息,已成为各军事强国的重要侦察手段。以大口径舰炮远程对岸目标精确打击为背景,对无人机侦察图像的几何校正、卫星图片的地理坐标提取等技术进行分析,推导了相关的数学模型。通过相关的图像处理技术,结合联合侦察图像对岸上目标定位的主要误差源分析,提供了一种有效的联合侦察图像目标定位方法,并通过仿真数据显示了图像预处理技术在目标定位过程中对提高定位精度的作用。     

高精度四站无源时差定位方法及精度分析

分析了四站对辐射源联合时差、俯仰定位原理,并基于三维空间时差定位中的测时误差与站址误差、测角误差可分离,导出空间目标定位误差的协方差矩阵,同时应用简化加权最小二乘( SWLS)融合方法,提升时差定位方法对目标的定位精度.通过计算机仿真进一步分析了系统误差对定位精度的影响,并验证了SWLS融合方法的高定位精度性能.     

多基阵无源声测定位算法的研究与仿真

对直升机等低空飞行目标的无源声测定位与跟踪是声学监视系统的重要研究内容。对多基阵低空飞行目标的无源声测定位方法进行了研究,并导出了定位算法和定位误差。理论分析和仿真实验表明,利用单基阵的方位和俯仰角进行多基阵融合定位时,无源声测定位系统有较高的定位精度,而且布阵形式对定位精度有一定的影响。该研究成果可直接用于对空中运动目标,如无人机等目标的无源声测定位。     

城市环境下单无人机测向定位航迹优化算法

为解决单架无人机在城市环境中对辐射源目标的定位问题,提出了一种基于环境预测法的单无人机测向定位航迹优化算法。使用交互多模型-扩展卡尔曼滤波进行视距和非视距信号混合环境下的目标估计。结合估计的目标位置和城市地理信息模型,基于视线追踪法求解信号遮挡区域和多径信号干扰区域。在滚动时域控制算法框架下生成无人机预测轨迹,以最大化Fisher信息矩阵行列式为测向定位评价准则,考虑建筑物障碍以及其对信号的遮挡和反射效应对无人机测向定位航迹的影响,控制无人机选择最优航向飞行。仿真结果表明,该方法能够使无人机在存在障碍、信号遮挡和多径干扰的环境下实现对目标的高精度测向定位,为解决城市环境下的单架无人机测向定位问题提供了新思路。     

基于交会角的多站交叉定位融合算法及误差仿真

交叉定位是一种利用多站角度信息进行解算获得目标距离信息的方法,利用双站即可完成对目标的三维定位,但此时的误差分布特性和定位精度较差。在多站系统中,可以利用目标的冗余信息进行数据融合,以改善雷达交叉定位系统中交叉定位误差分布特性和定位精度,提出了基于交会角的多站交叉定位融合算法,仿真结果给出了融合前后的定位误差分布图。与以往的方法相比,此方法计算量小,实时性较好。     

基于相位差变化率的无源定位及误差分析

在分析基于相位差变化率二维无源定位原理和方法的基础上,建立了测向误差和测距误差模型。通过分析误差模型发现,相位差变化率误差是影响定位误差的主要因素。采用数字仿真的方式,分析了目标与观测站相对位置、相位差误差对测向误差的影响,以及测向误差、相位差变化率误差对相对测距误差的影响。最后采用扩展卡尔曼滤波的方法对测距数据进行处理,实现了相对测距误差的快速收敛,进而有效提高了运动观测站对固定目标的无源定位精度。     

基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的雷达无源定位方法

提出了基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的雷达无源定位技术。利用多无人机平台对雷达网进行航迹欺骗,需要对网内的雷达进行定位以达到精确欺骗干扰的目的。但飞行器在飞行过程量测噪声较高,传统的时差定位方法无法满足定位精度的要求。对于时差定位的非线性时变模型,提出了利用时变扩展卡尔曼滤波对雷达位置进行跟踪定位的方法。仿真结果显示,利用扩展卡尔滤波进行无源定位可以在高噪声背景下有较好的定位精度。     

对运动目标多站时差定位和被动跟踪方法

针对对运动目标的被动定位跟踪问题,建立了对运动辐射源多站时差定位及被动跟踪的数学模型,研究了基于扩展卡尔曼滤波(extended Kalman filter,EKF)的被动跟踪算法。首先,对运动目标建立了二阶常速运动模型,利用实时的时差定位结果和误差协方差矩阵作为扩展卡尔曼滤波的初始值和初始协方差进行被动跟踪;然后,进行了对运动目标定位跟踪的场景仿真,结果表明:扩展卡尔曼滤波实现了对时差定位实时结果平滑作用,使用该方法定位精度大大提高,目标轨迹更明显;最后,通过工程试验验证了该算法的有效性。     

超视距目标定位精度分析

针对当前比较常用的超视距目标定位方法、互瞄定位法和GPS 定位法,进行了定位精度分析。根据引起各种定位方法定位误差的因素建立了各自的定位精度模型。经仿真计算得到了各种定位方法的定位精度结论,同时依据所得的结论总结出提高定位精度的一些原则。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.