载波相位辅助的卫星导航天线阵抗干扰算法

针对卫星导航接收机的抗干扰问题,提出一种基于载波相位辅助的卫星导航天线阵抗干扰算法。该算法进行盲零陷形成的同时利用各阵元通道输出信号的载波相位辅助来进行盲波束形成,并通过控制算法实现智能切换。仿真结果表明,提出的算法在干扰环境且接收机冷启动的条件下仍能成功抑制干扰、正常运行,在无干扰或弱干扰条件下能进行波束形成来增强卫星信号,从而提高卫星可见性以及定位精度。提出的算法不需要姿态测量单元辅助且对阵元幅相不一致引起的导向矢量误差不敏感,其实现代价远小于传统的波束形成算法。     

两级滤波结构的导航卫星天线阵抗干扰算法

干扰和多径是影响接收机导航定位性能的两个主要因素。针对卫星导航接收机的抗干扰问题,提出了一种基于两级滤波结构的卫星导航天线阵抗干扰算法。第一级滤波采用功率倒置算法抑制干扰,通过相关解扩提高卫星信号的信噪比,并估计出其空间特征矢量。第二级滤波用估计得到的卫星信号空间特征矢量对第一级滤波输出信号进行加权处理,从而形成指向卫星信号方向的主波束来进一步提高信噪比。仿真结果表明,该算法的性能明显优于功率倒置算法,且非常接近传统的波束形成算法,不需要阵列校正以及姿态测量单元辅助,其实现代价远小于传统的波束形成算法。     

子空间投影后波束形成的导航接收机抗干扰性能分析

利用导航信号淹没于干扰信号和热噪声的特点,将天线阵列接收的空时信号矢量向干扰子空间的正交子空间投影以实现干扰抑制。当接收机对投影后的单阵元数据捕获成功后,利用捕获估计的本地扩频码相位作为参考信号,依据最小均方误差准则进行波束形成。仿真结果表明该抗干扰算法在零陷强干扰的同时使主波束指向导航信号来波方向,有效提高了阵列输出信干噪比,并降低了空时自适应处理对导航信号伪码相关峰形状和载波跟踪性能的影响。     

基于子空间投影波束形成技术的导航接收机抗干扰算法研究

阵列天线空时自适应处理通过联合空域和时域的自适应滤波处理技术能够有效提高导航接收机的窄带和宽带干扰抑制性能。利用导航信号淹没在干扰信号和热噪声的特点，本文提出先将天线阵列接收的空时信号矢量向干扰子空间的正交子空间投影以实现干扰抑制，当接收机对投影后的参考阵元数据捕获成功后，利用捕获估计的本地扩频码相位作为参考信号依据最小均方误差准则进行波束形成。仿真结果表明该抗干扰算法在零陷强干扰的同时使主波束指向导航信号来波方向，有效提高了阵列输出信干噪比，并降低了空时自适应处理对导航信号伪码相关峰形状和载波跟踪性能的影响。     

BDS/GPS双模自适应抗干扰接收机关键技术研究与设计

针对现代导航战对卫星导航接收机干扰对抗能力的要求,研究了BDS/GPS双模自适应抗干扰接收机的关键技术。在分析传统空时零陷技术的基础上,引入基于数字波束形成的自适应抗干扰技术,并使用惯性模块和历书进行卫星信号初始来波方向估计,显著增强了接收机的抗干扰能力。同时,提出了BDS/GPS双模多阵元天线耦合测量与校正技术,有效解决了双模天线设计难题。仿真测试表明:接收机使用数字波束形成技术后,总体抗干扰能力可达85dB,比单一使用空时零陷技术增加了8dB。     

级联结构的阵列天线导航接收机抗干扰及多径抑制方法

阵列信号处理技术因其能够提供空域分辨能力已被广泛应用于卫星导航接收机领域以实现抗干扰和多径抑制。根据干扰和多径信号对导航接收机基带处理影响的不同提出了一种以数字相关器为界线划分的抗干扰与多径抑制两级处理结构:第一级处理在解扩前估计阵列接收数据的空时协方差矩阵,根据干扰信号功率远大于导航信号及噪声的特点利用子空间投影技术实现抗干扰;第二级处理在解扩后进行空间平滑解相干处理,利用基于Householder变换的广义旁瓣相消技术进行波束形成以实现多径抑制。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该级联处理技术能够有效地压制强干扰,并显著减小多径信号对导航接收机伪码测量的影响。     

卫星导航天线阵的载波联合跟踪算法

测量卫星导航信号在天线阵各阵元上的载波相位之差可用于卫星波达方向解算,但传统的各阵元独立跟踪算法在干扰条件下无法实现高精度跟踪且容易失锁。针对此问题,通过将天线阵各阵元的载波相位分解为公共的平均载波相位和低动态的残余载波相位,提出了一种联合载波跟踪算法。该算法利用平均载波相位为每个阵元共有的特点,通过对全部阵元的联合处理来提高其跟踪精度,同时通过缩小环路噪声带宽来提高残余载波相位跟踪精度。理论分析与仿真结果表明,该算法提高了波达方向解算所需的阵元间载波相位差的测量精度及跟踪灵敏度,四阵元天线阵在典型应用条件下,跟踪灵敏度提高4d B,相同载噪比下载波相位差测量精度提高3倍。     

GNSS信号功率增强对调零抗干扰接收机的性能影响

由于卫星端信号发射功率小、信号传播损耗大,到达接收机的卫星导航信号极其微弱,容易被干扰。为有效应对电磁干扰的威胁,在系统层面和用户层面同时采取抗干扰措施将是一种很好的选择。建立调零抗干扰接收机抗干扰能力分析模型,并定量分析信号功率增强对调零抗干扰接收机抗干扰性能的提升效果。结果表明：信号功率每增强10 dB,接收机抗干扰能力可提升3～4 dB,但从提高接收机非极限条件下的接收性能(载噪比、测距定位精度等)的角度,信号功率增强15～20 dB时,接收性能最优。研究成果可为卫星功率增强量的优化设计以及终端抗干扰设计提供参考。     

自旋载体中的超紧组合GNSS接收机跟踪环路设计

自旋载体是全球导航卫星系统接收机的一种典型应用。当全球导航卫星系统载体自旋时,旋转产生的高阶动态将导致传统跟踪环路失锁;全球导航卫星系统与惯性导航系统组合可以有效补偿信号的高阶动态。因此,提出了一种利用惯性导航信息辅助卫星导航信号跟踪的超紧组合导航接收机环路设计方法,并分析了惯性导航信息辅助速率、自旋载体转速和信号载波相位误差之间的关系。通过仿真验证了所提接收机环路结构可以有效解决自旋载体接收机的信号跟踪问题,且相比于卫星导航单系统三阶环路而言,所提超紧组合环路结构可以显著提升自旋载体接收机的定位精度。     

GNSS多波束抗干扰接收机的反欺骗性能分析

为分析存在欺骗干扰的场景下GNSS多波束抗干扰接收机的反欺骗性能,提出欺骗抑制比这一性能指标。推导了在快拍数有限的情况下,多波束抗干扰接收机采用最小方差无失真响应(minimum variance distortionless response,MVDR)算法处理后输出真实信号和欺骗信号功率的理论公式。详细分析了欺骗信号到达天线阵口面的功率对真实信号和欺骗信号输出功率的影响。分析得出:即使欺骗信号功率在噪声水平之下,使用MVDR算法的多波束抗干扰接收机依然能对欺骗干扰进行抑制,且在欺骗信噪比高时,抑制效果更加显著。通过仿真和硬件平台实测验证了结论的正确性。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.