基于H∞滤波的无序量测更新算法

在目标跟踪系统中,传感器量测因通信延迟无序地到达融合中心,产生无序量测融合问题。针对此问题,将H∞滤波作为基础滤波算法,提出了一种可处理单步或多步延迟无序量测的新算法。新算法借鉴有序滤波思想,利用等价量测来代替无序量测发生时刻后的量测序列,然后从该时刻起利用无序量测和等价量测进行有序更新。仿真实验表明,新算法相比于传统算法有更高的滤波精度,尤其在系统模型误差较大时仍有良好的滤波效果。     

多平台多传感器数据融合中的时间一致

解决多平台多传感器系统数据融合中传感器误差配准问题,首先要实现各传感器的时间一致,将关于同一目标的各传感器不同步的量测信息同步到同一基准时标下.将时间误差分为确定性和不确定性两种,分析了引起多传感器时间误差的原因,提出一种基于Kalman滤波的时间对准算法,有效解决了一定范围内不确定传输延迟引起的时间不一致问题.     

量测预测值对量测值信任度的异质传感器融合

针对异质传感器目标跟踪系统可能出现的传感器漏检现象,基于多传感器融合的量测预测值对各传感器量测值的信任度算出任意两传感器量测值之间的相似度,利用概率源合并理论和非负矩阵特征向量理论算出各传感器量测值与其他传感器的综合相似度,以此确定每个传感器的权重.该算法实时调整各传感器量测值的融合权重,有效地抑制了漏检传感器量测值对量测融合值的不利影响.仿真结果表明,该算法有效地解决了传感器的漏检问题,提高了系统的跟踪精度.     

用多维数据互联的有效多传感器融合

本文介绍多目标跟踪的用多维数据互联的多传感器融合算法的发展。这项工作是受大规模监视问题的推动,在这种监视问题中,来自具有不同采样间隔(电子扫描阵(ESA)雷达)的异步传感器观察值用于集中式融合。用多维分配的多传感器融合的综合,对于由分配算法处理的S个表,除了“传感器宽度”外,还要使“时间层次”最大化。在有S个传感器的情况下,将来自最近到达的S-1个帧的量测值与已经建立的航迹互联的标准方法可能有零时间层次。对于S维数据互联(S≥3),所介绍的新技术保证最大效率,即对于没有损失融合重叠传感器的每一个传感器,保证最大时间层次(S-1)。使用滑窗(长度为S)技术,在每一个量测帧之后更新估计。对于使用具有多维分配数据互联的多传感器融合,该算法提供多目标跟踪的自动航迹形成、保持和结束的系统方法。对于一个大规模空对地目标跟踪问题,介绍了使用模拟数据的估计结果。     

用IMMPDA固定延迟平滑算法对杂波环境下机动目标的多传感器跟踪

本文对于在杂波环境下用多个传感器跟踪一个高度机动目标提出了一个次优的固定延迟平滑算法。此固定延迟平滑算法是把基本的交互式多模型方法(IMM)和概率数据互联(PDA)技术应用到扩展状态系统上发展而来的。在过去这种方法只使用在确切考虑量测来源(即无杂波)的马尔科夫开关过程上。本文通过对一个高度机动目标跟踪的仿真例子来说明这个算法,其中仿真假设有两个传感器:一部雷达、一部红外,都作用在密集环境下。提出的平滑算法引进了在估计时刻与最新量测之间的一个短时延迟,使得在航迹估计精度上与已有的IMMPDA滤波算法相比,有了显著地提高。而且其计算量只是随着延迟时间线性增长。然而,在一些应用中跟踪的延迟可能导致在控制闭环中产生不希望有的影响。     

多传感器异步量测融合算法性能比较

归纳几种多传感器异步量测融合算法,即首先将各传感器异步数据统一到同一时刻,再对该数据进行并行或伪序贯滤波处理.分别采用理论证明和实例仿真分析对各种算法的估计精度、计算量等性能进行了比较.所得结论对实际工程应用中异步量测融合算法的选取有一定的指导意义.     

一种基于时变噪声统计的异步多速率传感器信息融合算法

以异步多速率传感器信息融合理论和同步单速率传感器时变噪声统计理论为基础,提出了一种适用于时变线性系统的异步多速率传感器时变噪声统计系统的信息融合算法.通过原理分析和数学推导,将异步多速率传感器动态系统建模为同步同速率系统.进而利用噪声统计估值器和相应的自适应Kalman滤波方法进行状态估计,利用联邦分布式数据融合方法进行信息融合,获得基于所有现测信息的最优估计.理论分析和仿真结果均表明,该算法的融合效果优于任一单传感器Kalman滤波的效果.     

用于目标跟踪的雷达和成象传感器数据融合

虽然合成来自多个传感器的数据以获得优良跟踪精度的方法是人们当前感兴趣的课题,而动态级融合的研究似乎仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。本文通过生成与公用状态矢量的量测相关的公用状态观察模型研究动态地来自雷达和成象传感器的数据融合。本文考虑的重点是雷达提供的反射中心量测值可能与真实目标中心不太相符这一事实。而且当目标方位改变时,反射中心可能会围绕真实目标中心变化。对远距离的小目标来说,这一影响可以忽略不计,但对半延伸或延伸(semi-extended or extended)的对象来说,这种失配就要加以考虑。本文研究的方法是根据球面坐标中真实目标中心未知恒定偏差的随机扰动,模拟雷达反射中心量测。这些偏差估计用于采用雷达和成象传感器数据跟踪目标的广义卡尔曼滤波方法中。产生跟踪滤波的性能由计算机仿真来评估。     

基于局部估计误差相关的多传感器异步航迹融合

由于不同传感器采样率不同、工作起始点可能不同、通信延迟和本身固有延迟等原因,使得研究多传感器异步融合比同步数据融合更贴近实际需求,且通常情况下,各传感器局部估计误差是相关的,利用融合中心状态融合误差协方差阵迹最小准则,提出了一种局部估计误差相关的多传感器异步航迹融合算法,并从理论上进行了推导,最后通过仿真验证了该算法的...     

量测噪声模拟及其在C^3I系统仿真试验中的应用

各种雷达、声呐,以及其它量测设备对目标的量测不可避免地带有误差,即量测噪声。在舰船作战系统、指火控系统、区域C~3I系统的的情报处理和火控解算方案论证、系统仿真试验、以及模拟训练中,都要求逼真地计算多目标、多传感器的量测噪声。显然,按照常规方法产生的随机数和正态白噪声是远远不能满足需要的。本文着重论述了量测噪声的模拟机理,在对量测噪声进行分类的基础上讨论了多种行之有效的模拟方法,最后作为应用实例,在指出了所采用的周期长、性能优良的多随机数发生器的同时,较详细地阐述了区域C~3I系统仿真试验中多目标、多传感器量测噪声的模拟技术。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.