高动态GPS卫星信号混合载波跟踪算法设计

高动态运动环境会给GPS卫星信号带来很大的多普勒频移及其变化率,甚至产生频率的突变,单一的锁相环、锁频环、四象限鉴频器无法进行稳定跟踪。在对传统锁相环、锁频环原理及性能分析的基础上,设计了一种基于Costas锁相环(Costas-PLL)、叉积锁频环(CP-FLL)及四相鉴频器(FQFD)并能够智能切换的混合载波跟踪算法,该算法基于二阶FLL辅助三阶PLL的跟踪环路实现,依据不同的动态环境使FLL和PLL交替工作,以提高载波跟踪环路的动态适应性。通过固定频率、频率一次斜升、频率二次斜升和频率突变等4种不同动态条件下的实验,证明了该算法在高动态环境下的有效性和可靠性。     

基于FLL+PLL的载波跟踪环路设计

载体的高动态所引入的多普勒频移给载波跟踪带来了很大的困难,研究了采用锁频环(FLL)+锁相环(PLL)相结合的方式进行载波信号跟踪,利用FLL对信号的动态适应能力较强的特点和PLL对信号有较好跟踪精度的特点,实现了动态信号的快速、精确跟踪。同时,分析热噪声和动态对环路的影响,得到了环路最优带宽。理论分析以及仿真结果表明,该方法可以实现载波的精确跟踪。     

高动态环境下GPS信号跟踪算法

在GPS导航定位系统中,高动态环境下产生的多普勒频移直接影响接收机跟踪性能.为了克服多普勒频移影响,对高速飞行旋转体GPS接收机跟踪环路进行研究.根据高速飞行旋转体GPS接收机载波信号的数学模型,提出在GPS接收机跟踪环路建立包含姿态信息的载波信号卡尔曼滤波模型,并对环路的跟踪性能进行MATLAB仿真.结果表明,此算法的跟踪环路带宽窄,能有效抑制噪声干扰,较好地实现了对旋转信号的跟踪.     

高动态环境的GPS信号互模糊函数估计器及其性能分析

为了更可靠地跟踪高动态环境GPS信号参数,提出了一种新的适应高动态环境的GPS参数估计方法———互模糊函数方法。在假定高信噪比的条件下,推导了互模糊函数估计器的估计方差以及Cram er-Rao界,得出了采用互模糊函数法对高动态环境GPS信号的时延和多普勒频移进行联合估计是渐近无偏和渐近有效的结论。     

高动态环境下BFSK信号的快速解调算法

提出了一种适用于高动态环境下,BFSK信号的快速解调算法。该算法基于FFT频率引导和改进的正交锁相环,利用FFT实现对接收信号的快速捕获,利用改进的正交锁相环对接收信号进行动态跟踪。仿真结果表明在高动态环境中该算法可以快速、准确解调BFSK信号。     

频率牵引和增益调节相组合的跟踪算法研究

针对接收机在捕获后存在频差较大,以及在复杂运动场景下利用固定带宽跟踪环去跟踪卫星信号存在动态适应性较弱的问题,提出了一种基于频率牵引和自适应增益调节组合的跟踪算法。该算法首先利用频率牵引将捕获后的较大频差牵引到锁相环工作范围内,然后利用动态调节环路增益的方式,实现对环路带宽的动态调节。最后经过软件接收机测试表明:该算法能有效的缩减环路的收敛时间,具有更佳的噪声抑制和动态适应性。     

卫星导航弱信号的变维卡尔曼滤波跟踪算法

复杂环境下的多普勒频移变化及信号功率衰减均会造成载波跟踪偏差较大甚至失锁,针对标准卡尔曼滤波算法跟踪机动目标时不能同时满足高动态及高灵敏度要求的问题,提出一种基于变维卡尔曼滤波的载波跟踪算法。引入机动和非机动两种载波跟踪模型,通过机动检测因子监视载波动态变化,实时高效地切换载波跟踪模型,从而实现对载波机动和非机动状态的自适应跟踪,抑制机动改变引起的较大误差突跳。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该算法在低至30d BHz弱信号环境下,相比基于标准卡尔曼滤波的跟踪算法,其在目标动态突变时相位跟踪误差减小约37.5%,频率跟踪误差减小约77%。     

一种改进的数字GPS接收机基带环路设计

针对GPS接收机设计中,接收机信号跟踪精度同信号处理的实时性不能兼顾的特点,设计了一种基于DSP+FPGA的数字GPS接收机实时高精度基带环路.阐述了基带信号处理原理及原有方法的不足,提出了一种改进的GPS信号快速、高精度捕获、跟踪方法.利用信号粗捕后先进行精捕,在提高了信号的捕获精度后再结合二阶锁频环路辅助,最终利用三阶载波科斯塔斯锁相环完成GPS载波信号的高精度稳定闭环跟踪,同时使用载波来实时的辅助码环跟踪,从而完成整个GPS信号的实时高精度跟踪.实验结果表明该基带环路能够实现对GPS信号的快速捕获、实时稳定的高精度跟踪,并具有良好的动态性能.     

基于多通道DMF的高动态信号捕获

为解决靶场对高动态目标测量中存在的信号捕获难题,依托传统的直扩-码分多址信道,探讨了采用多通道数字匹配滤波方法进行高动态目标信号捕获的原理;在对平均捕获时间、捕获概率和虚警概率等动态信号捕获等性能指标进行分析的基础上,提出了高动态目标信号的捕获方法。将多通道数字匹配滤波技术应用于高动态目标的信号测量,在保持较高抗干扰特性的同时,可以缩短多普勒频移捕获的完成时间,为在靶场精确测量高动态目标提供了可靠的技术手段。仿真结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

INS辅助的北斗二代用户机跟踪算法分析

在高动态环境下,由于飞机、导弹等载体运动的速度非常快,其产生的多普勒频率非常大,利用传统方法进行信号跟踪容易引起环路失锁。针对该问题,采用INS(惯性导航设备)辅助环路跟踪,INS能够实时提供载体运动的速度,从而消除多普勒频率的影响,使环路保持稳定。对INS辅助的北斗二代用户机跟踪算法进行了研究,仿真分析表明,在高动态环境下,INS辅助的跟踪算法能够实时跟踪到卫星信号,提高了跟踪性能。     

Putin – the masked nemesis of the strategy of ambiguity

Recent events demonstrate the complex and adaptive approach employed by Russia to reassert influence in Europe. The changing face of Russia’s strategy commenced in 2007 when it launched a crippling cyber-attack against Estonia. This was followed by a large Russian conventional attack against Georgia in 2008, occupying two large areas of the nation. 2014 witnessed the Russian annexation of Crimea where in just a week, Russia seized control of Crimea “without firing a shot.” The annexation of Crimea was rapidly followed by a Russian inspired and led subversive war in eastern Ukraine. The common thread among these diverse Russian operations is its use of ambiguity to confound and confuse decision makers in the West.     

India's counter-insurgency experience: the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy

The Indian Army, a force trained primarily for conventional warfare, has been engaged in internal counter-insurgency operations since the 1950s. Despite such a long innings on a counter-insurgency mode, little attention has been accorded within military circles to doctrinal innovation for waging sub-conventional warfare in India's democratic political context. At best, the Army continues to view counter-insurgency duty as secondary to its primary duty of defending India from external conventional threats. By conceptualizing a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’, this article aims to fill this critical doctrinal gap in India's military policy. The author argues that a counter-insurgency strategy of ‘trust and nurture’ based on democratic political culture, measured military methods, special counter-insurgency forces, local social and cultural awareness and an integrative nation-building approach will result in positive handling of India's internal security problems. The author utilizes India's counter-insurgency experiences in Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, and Operation ‘Sadhbhavana’ in Jammu and Kashmir as illustrative empirical indicants in order to validate the ‘trust and nurture’ strategy.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.