球头弹低速斜侵彻下靶板穿甲破坏机理

为探讨球头弹低速斜侵彻下靶板的破坏机理,通过系列弹道试验,对比分析不同初始速度下弹体的变形、靶板的破坏模式以及靶板的破口大小和形状;同时采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对弹靶作用过程进行数值模拟。结果表明:低速斜侵彻下靶板响应非完全对称,根据受力特征可将靶板划分为四个不同区域,即接触区、弯曲区、拉伸区、对称区;薄板的穿甲破坏可分为四个不同的阶段,即隆起变形、碟形变形、弯曲变形、弹体贯穿阶段;不同初始速度下靶板出现四种典型的穿甲破坏模式,随着初始速度的增加依次为隆起—碟形变形、隆起—碟形变形—拉弯撕裂破坏、隆起—碟形变形—拉弯剪切破坏、隆起—拉弯剪切破坏。斜侵彻下靶板破口形状为椭圆形,随着初始速度的增加,破口长径不断减小,形状由椭圆形向卵形过渡。     

破片模拟弹侵彻钢板的有限元分析

根据破片模拟弹侵彻钢板的实验研究,采用MSC.Dytran对破片模拟弹侵彻钢板的侵彻过程、侵彻特性、钢板的破坏模式以及弹体的侵彻速度、靶板的侵彻阻力进行了有限元分析,并将分析结果与实验结果进行了比较.分析结果表明,破片模拟弹冲击钢装甲的侵彻过程可大致分为初始接触、弹体侵入、剪切冲塞和穿甲破坏4个阶段.有限元分析的破片模拟弹侵彻特性及靶板破坏模式与实验观测结果有较好的一致性,在靶板破口的正面,与弹体平面凸缘两端接触的部分,变形以剪切为主,而与切削面接触的部分,以挤压变形为主;靶板破口背面为剪切冲塞破坏;有限元模拟的弹体剩余速度与实验结果吻合较好,弹体侵彻过程中弹靶作用界面的速度和侵彻速度近似呈线性变化.有限元分析结果还表明,采用适当的模型,有限元法能较好地模拟破片模拟弹侵彻钢板的侵彻过程、侵彻特性以及钢板的破坏模式.     

低速大质量球头弹冲击下薄板塑性动力响应分析

为研究半穿甲导弹冲击下舷侧结构抗侵彻性能及机理,探讨舷侧抗半穿甲导弹侵彻结构设计,假设低速大质量球头弹冲击下薄板的穿甲破坏可分为隆起变形、碟形变形和弹体贯穿3个阶段,采用理想刚-塑性材料本构模型,同时考虑剪切、弯曲及薄膜拉伸对薄板变形和失效的作用,分析了薄板在冲击过程中的塑性动力响应及三个阶段中的变形吸能,并采用材料有效塑性应变失效准则分析了薄板的穿甲破坏准则,得到了弹体穿甲后的剩余动能和速度、薄板的弹道极限速度以及薄板的最大塑性变形。模型计算结果与实验结果及有限元分析结果吻合良好。     

半穿甲战斗部侵彻运动加筋板数值模拟

为了研究加筋靶板的运动对半穿甲战斗部侵彻性能的影响,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件对截卵形半穿甲战斗部侵彻运动加筋靶板全过程进行了数值模拟,分析了在不同弹着点处加筋靶板的运动对弹体偏转、弹体剩余动能以及弹体过载的影响。研究结果表明:弹体侵彻运动加筋靶板时发生明显偏转,侵彻性能降低,加速度变化曲线出现新的峰值且该峰值随着靶板速度增大而增大。同时,不同弹着点处弹体偏转角的变化过程,加速度变化规律与峰值大小以及靶板抗弹性能都有显著区别。     

连接方式对舰船舷侧复合装甲结构抗穿甲性能的影响

为探讨连接方式对舰船舷侧外设复合装甲结构抗穿甲性能的影响,采用均质钢板粘结或叠层接触前置复合材料板分别模拟舰船舷侧粘敷或铆接固定两种连接方式的外设舷侧复合装甲,并结合低速弹道实验,分析了两种连接方式下组合靶板的穿甲破坏模式和抗弹性能,得到了球头弹穿透叠层接触组合靶板的剩余速度理论预测公式。在此基础上,将该理论预测公式计算结果与实验结果进行了比较分析。结果表明:两种组合靶板中前置装甲板的穿甲破坏模式差异不大,但叠层接触组合靶板中钢质背板穿孔周围的蝶形变形范围及其变形程度均较粘结组合靶板中的钢质背板要大;叠层接触组合靶板的整体抗弹吸能要大于粘结组合靶板;弹丸穿透叠层接触组合靶板的剩余速度理论预测值与实验结果吻合较好。     

钨合金动能弹超高速侵彻钢靶的破坏特性

国内外关于动能弹侵彻的研究多集中在中低速范围,对高速特别是超高速侵彻的研究十分有限,其破坏特性还不清楚。采用LS-DYNA有限元程序和Steinberg本构模型,对着靶速度为1 300~4 500 m/s的钨合金动能弹侵彻钢靶问题进行了与实验相对应的数值研究,获得了不同着靶速度下侵彻深度、开坑直径、坑底压力、弹体形态及弹长消蚀的时空演化规律。结果表明:侵彻经历了瞬态高压、常压稳态侵彻、非稳态侵彻和回弹4个阶段;Steinberg本构模型特别适用于超高速侵彻的研究;当着靶速度大于4 000 m/s,着靶速度的变化对侵彻深度的影响可以忽略;超高速侵彻的瞬态高压达100 GPa以上,远大于弹体材料强度极限;相对于高速侵彻,弹体长度消蚀率更大,侵彻速度下降更快,侵彻时间更短。     

不同侵彻速度下陶瓷复合装甲等效均质钢靶板的建立

利用有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA对钨合金长杆弹侵彻陶瓷复合装甲与均质钢进行了数值仿真。重点分析了长杆弹垂直侵彻复合装甲全过程,研究了钨合金长杆弹体入射速度与弹体剩余动能、损失动能之间的关系。同时,拟合了长杆弹在不同入射速度侵彻均质钢靶下弹体剩余动能与靶板厚度之间的关系。并根据终点效应关系式,建立了弹体在不同入射速度下陶瓷复合装甲的均质钢等效靶板。分析结果表明,陶瓷复合装甲等效均质钢靶板厚度随弹体入射速度呈先增加后稳定趋势。研究结果对毁伤效能试验与战斗部设计等具有一定的参考价值和借鉴意义。     

加筋板架抗动能穿甲的等效防护厚度研究

为研究舰船舷侧结构抗穿甲性能,采用有限元分析了两种典型工况下板架的穿甲破坏模式、弹体的剩余速度和板架的变形吸能规律,提出了基于剪切冲塞模式的剩余速度理论计算模型,比较了不同等效计算方法得到的结果,并将理论计算结果分别与相关文献的实验结果和本文的有限元计算结果进行了比较,两者之间均吻合较好。结果表明,加强筋对板架的抗穿甲性能影响较大,而板架的实际等效厚度是决定其抗穿甲性能的主要因素;不同的等效计算方法与模型相对尺寸、弹体冲击速度以及命中位置有关,对于弹体直径相对较大且初始冲击速度较高时,不同的等效计算方法得到的结果基本一致。     

横向效应增强型弹垂直侵彻薄靶的轴向剩余速度理论分析

为了得到横向效应增强型弹（Penetration with Enhanced Lateral Efficiency projectile, PELE）对金属薄靶垂直侵彻后的弹体轴向剩余速度，运用平面冲击波理论，对PELE的侵彻机理进行分析。参照平头弹体对靶板的侵彻模型，将PELE侵彻过程中的能量损失划分为以下几个部分：外壳体和内芯撞靶区域对应的环形塞块获得的能量、冲击波作用下弹体的内能增量以及剪切耗能等。然后根据能量守恒原理，得到PELE垂直侵彻金属薄靶后的PELE弹体轴向剩余速度的理论模型。为了验证该模型的合理性和准确性，设计相应的试验进行验证。结果表明，不同条件下得到的试验结果和理论模型得到的计算结果均吻合得较好。因此，得到的PELE垂直侵彻薄靶的轴向剩余速度理论模型可为工程应用提供指导和参考。     

基于正交试验与灰关联的弹体着靶参数敏感性分析

为分析着靶参数对截锥形半穿甲战斗部侵彻性能的影响程度,通过正交试验制定了试验方案并进行了数值仿真,同时对正交试验结果数据进行了灰关联分析,得到了弹体侵彻过程中着靶参数与弹体最大过载、速度变化量以及弹体偏转角之间的关联程度。分析结果表明:着靶参数对弹体最大过载的影响程度排序为:靶板厚度入射速度入射角度攻角;对弹体速度变化量的影响程度排序为:靶板厚度入射角度入射速度攻角;对弹体偏转角的影响程度排序依次为:弹体攻角入射速度入射角度靶板厚度。分析结论可为着靶姿态的控制及舰船防护提供一定的参考。     

An investigation on anti-impact and penetration performance of basalt fiber composites with different weave and lay-up modes

The woven basalt fiber composites (WBFC) and the unidirectional [0°/90°/45°/-45°]_s basalt fiber composites (UBFC) were prepared by hot-pressing. Three-point bending test, low velocity impact test, and ballistic test were performed to the prepared composites. After the tests, the specimens were recovered and analyzed for micromorphology. Three-point bending tests show that both the bending strength and stiffness of the WBFC surpass those of the UBFC. Low velocity impact test results show that the low velocity impact resistance to hemispherical impactor of the UBFC is higher than that of the WBFC, but the low velocity impact resistance to sharp impactor of the UBFC is lower than that of the WBFC. For the ballistic test, it can be found that the ballistic property of the UBFC is higher than that of the WBFC. After the tests, microscopic analysis of the specimens was applied, and their failure mechanism was discussed. The main failure modes of the UBFC are delamination and fibers breakage under the above loading conditions while the main failure mode of the WBFC is fibers breakage. Although delamination damage can be found in the WBFC under the above loading conditions, the degree of delamination is far less than that of the UBFC.     

穿甲子弹偏心入射陶瓷/钢复合靶板试验

设计并进行了7.62mm穿甲子弹侵彻陶瓷/低碳钢复合靶板的弹道试验,得到了极限速度及陶瓷锥底部半径等数据。分析了锥底半径与入射速度、面板及背板厚度的关系,着重分析了偏心入射时靶板的抗弹机理。结果表明:陶瓷锥可分为破碎区和粉碎区,粉碎区半径约为面板厚度与弹丸半径之和;当弹着点距离陶瓷面板边缘大于5mm时,靶板的抗弹性能变化不大,而弹着点位于距陶瓷面板边缘小于5mm的板边区时,抗弹性能明显降低,靶板的有效防护面积应扣除板边区。     

陶瓷/薄钢板复合结构靶板抗高速侵彻性能研究

为探讨陶瓷/薄钢板复合结构靶板(ceramic/thin steel targets,CS靶板)的抗高速侵彻机理,通过弹道试验,分析了3 mm厚SiC陶瓷层和0.6 mm厚钢板层的CS靶板的破坏模式和抗侵彻性能,并与面密度基本相同的纯钢板进行了比较。在此基础上,基于能量守恒原理,建立了CS靶板抗高速侵彻的理论预测模型,并与试验结果进行了对比。结果表明,CS靶板中前陶瓷层的存在,使得后钢板层的破坏模式由剪切冲塞转变为花瓣开裂,大大提升了后钢板层的抗侵彻吸能效率,从而使得CS靶板的整体抗侵彻性能高于等面密度的纯钢板,CS靶板的整体抗侵彻效率较等面密度纯钢板提升15%以上;弹体穿透CS靶板后的剩余速度理论预测值与试验结果吻合较好,相对误差均在5%以内,验证了理论模型的合理性和有效性。     

Interface defeat studies of long-rod projectile impacting on ceramic targets

The interface defeat phenomenon always occurs when a long-rod projectile impacting on the ceramic target with certain velocity, i.e., the projectile is forced to flow radially on the surface of ceramic plates for a period of time without significant penetration. Interface defeat has a direct effect upon the ballistic performance of the armor piercing projectile, which is studied numerically and theoretically at present. Firstly, by modeling the projectiles and ceramic targets with the SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) particles and Lagrange finite elements, the systematic numerical simulations on interface defeat are performed with the commercial finite element program AUTODYN. Three different responses, i.e., complete interface defeat, dwell and direct penetration, are reproduced in different types of ceramic targets (bare, buffered, radially confined and oblique). Furthermore, by adopting the validated numerical algorithms, constitutive models and the corresponding material parameters, the influences of projectile (material, diameter, nose shape), constitutive models of ceramic (JH-1 and JH-2 models), buffer and cover plate (thickness, constraints, material), as well as the prestress acted on the target (radial and hydrostatic) on the interface defeat (transition velocity and dwell time) are systematically investigated. Finally, based on the energy conservation approach and taking the strain rate effect of ceramic material into account, a modified model for predicting the upper limit of transition velocity is proposed and validated. The present work and derived conclusions can provide helpful reference for the design and optimization of both the long-rod projectile and ceramic armor.     

基于层裂机理的弹体侵彻混凝土的终点弹道研究

基于动态球形空腔膨胀理论给出的阻力函数理论公式和开坑阶段的表面层裂机理,建立了能够综合考虑弹头形状、开坑区深度的斜侵彻深度预测模型,并进一步推导了能够适用不同弹头形状的弹体过载时程曲线计算公式。预测模型得到的侵彻深度和过载与试验结果吻合较好。研究结果可为弹体与混凝土靶的斜侵彻弹道分析和弹丸头部设计提供一定帮助。     

基于层裂机理的弹体侵彻混凝土的工程模型

以斜侵彻过程中的终点弹道为研究对象,基于动态球形空腔膨胀理论给出的阻力函数理论公式和开坑阶段的表面层裂机理,建立了能够综合考虑弹头形状、开坑区深度的斜侵彻深度预测模型,并进一步推导了能够适用不同弹头形状的弹体过载时程曲线计算公式。预测模型得到的侵彻深度和过载与试验结果吻合较好。研究结果可为弹体与混凝土靶的斜侵彻弹道分析和弹丸头部设计提供一定帮助。     

Ballistic response of armour plates using Generative Adversarial Networks

It is important to understand how ballistic materials respond to impact from projectiles such that informed decisions can be made in the design process of protective armour systems. Ballistic testing is a standards-based process where materials are tested to determine whether they meet protection, safety and performance criteria. For the V₅₀ ballistic test, projectiles are fired at different velocities to determine a key design parameter known as the ballistic limit velocity (BLV), the velocity above which projectiles perforate the target. These tests, however, are destructive by nature and as such there can be considerable associated costs, especially when studying complex armour materials and systems. This study proposes a unique solution to the problem using a recent class of machine learning system known as the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). The GAN can be used to generate new ballistic samples as opposed to performing additional destructive experiments. A GAN network architecture is tested and trained on three different ballistic data sets, and their performance is compared. The trained networks were able to successfully produce ballistic curves with an overall RMSE of between 10 and 20 % and predicted the V₅₀ BLV in each case with an error of less than 5 %. The results demonstrate that it is possible to train generative networks on a limited number of ballistic samples and use the trained network to generate many new samples representative of the data that it was trained on. The paper spotlights the benefits that generative networks can bring to ballistic applications and provides an alternative to expensive testing during the early stages of the design process.     

Investigation of normal,lateral, and oblique impact of microscale projectiles into unidirectional glass/epoxy composites

Spacesuits and spacecraft must endure high velocity impacts from micrometeoroids. This work considers the impact of 100 μm diameter projectiles into composite targets at velocities from 0.5 km/s to 2 km/s. This work begins by presenting an energy-based theoretical model relating depth of penetration (DoP) and impact force to impact velocity, characteristic time, and threshold velocity and force. Next, this work compares numerical simulations of normal impact on composites to the theoretical model. Numerical simulations are conducted with LS-DYNA and the well-known composite model, MAT-162. The numerical models consider unidirectional S2-glass fiber reinforced SC-15 epoxy composite laminates. The numerical model shows good correlation with the theoretical model. The numerical model also investigates lateral impact, parallel to the fiber direction, and oblique impact at angles from 30° to 82.5°. This work decomposes oblique impact into normal and lateral components, and compares them with normal and lateral impact results. The results show good correlation of the normal component of oblique results with the theoretical model. This numerical and theoretical study focuses on DoP, velocity, and penetration resistance force as functions of time. The theoretical model and numerical simulations are used to determine new DoP parameters: characteristic time of depth of penetration and threshold impact velocity. These models are a first step in developing the capability to predict DoP for oblique, microscale, high-speed impact on composite materials.     

长杆射弹侵彻三种混凝土靶的实验研究

为了研究钻地武器的侵彻性能,在57mm口径的气炮上发射长杆射弹对三种靶体进行模拟侵彻实验。靶体为水泥砂浆石靶、钢纤维混凝土靶和含单层密排刚玉球的钢纤维混凝土靶。实验结果表明,弹头形状对侵彻深度有明显影响;当长杆射弹和撞击速度都相同时,与侵彻钢纤维混凝土靶相比,含单层密排刚玉球的钢纤维混凝土靶中的侵彻深度大约降低了11%,而水泥砂浆石靶中的侵彻深度增加了12%。     

Round robin using the depth of penetration test method on an armour grade alumina

The depth of penetration (DOP) method is a well-known ballistic test method for characterisation and ranking of ceramic armour materials. The ceramic tile is bonded to a backing material of semi-infinite thickness, and the penetration depth of the projectile gives a measure of the performance of the ceramic. There is, however, an inherent variability in the results from this test method. In this work, the accuracy and the variability of the DOP method has been investigated in a round robin exercise. Six ballistic test centres took part in the exercise. A test protocol was developed, in which the threat type (projectile and impact conditions) and a procedure on how to prepare the targets were specified. The targets consisted of alumina tiles of two different thicknesses that were bonded to polycarbonate backing cubes. Two different 7.62 mm armour piercing projectiles were employed; one with a hard steel core and one with a tungsten carbide core. The projectiles and the other materials all came from single material batches in order to avoid batch-to-batch variations in material properties. These materials were distributed between the ballistic test centres. The test results of the different ballistic test facilities were collected and compared. There was not a lot of variation between the average DOP values obtained at each laboratory, but the variation in penetration depth between shots was high. The consequence of this variation may be less confidence in the test results, and a statistical method was used to evaluate the required number of tests that are sufficient to obtain an average result with high confidence. In most cases, the required number of tests is much higher than what is practically feasible. This work was conducted as part of the European Defence Agency-project CERAMBALL.