明眸善睐的“快鸟”

2001年12月19日,数字地球(DigitalGlobe)公司公布了由全球分辨率最高的“快鸟”商业成像卫星拍摄的一组照片,其中包括南极洲、曼谷、华盛顿等。这些照片显示出的丰富细节超过目前所有的商业成像卫星。“快鸟”卫星由贝尔航天技术公司制造,2001年10月18日由“德尔塔-2”运载火箭从美国范登堡空军基地发射升空,运行在在高度450千米、倾角98°的太阳同步轨道。该卫星最高分辨率达到0.61米,是目前在轨商业遥感卫星中分辨率最高的。     

国外侦察与监视卫星系统发展现状

正美国注重发展战术侦察与监视卫星系统近年来,美国从作战任务及其要求的能力出发,高度重视侦察与监视卫星系统的战术应用能力,现役侦察与监视卫星系统主要包括"锁眼"系列光学侦察卫星、"长曲棍球"雷达成像卫星、ORS系列卫星等。"锁眼"系列成像侦察卫星是当今世界最为先进的光学成像侦察卫星,已经发展了12个型号,     

防御向复杂的成像系统的研制者提出挑战

在七十年代初期,当数字成像处理器被引进,主要的数据成像源是象地面卫星这种的商业用卫星。在这些卫星上的高性能探测器将数据传输给接收站的大型数据库里的磁带记录仪。能够以更高的分辨力远距离地监视地面情况这一要求已在研究中得到了满足,即在探测器和数据成像技术上均取得了巨大进展。     

环球军备动态

美国正式公布重返月球载人航天计划;轨道成像公司收购空间成像公司;美空军发射秘密空间试验计划卫星;俄罗斯航空公司力图发展无人机;美参议院国防拨款分委员会削减军事空间计划预算;印度计划2007年发射雷达成像卫星;韩国计划增加军费以实现军队现代化。     

俄、乌两国的高分辨率商业遥感卫星

20世纪90年代以后,随着卫星遥感技术的发展,遥感卫星数据的民事应用进入一个新的发展高潮。1999年7月24日,“伊科诺斯”卫星发射升空,标志着完全商业化的高分辨率遥感卫星的发展进入高潮。此后,美国、以色列一批高分辨率遥感卫星相继升空,卫星的分辨率很高,尽管是商业卫星,但也承担了诸多军事监视和侦察任务。     

日本

1月08日千龙军事网 据日本政府官员消息，将于2003年2月由日本H-2A火箭发射升空的侦察卫星将很可能次于美国商业卫星的质量。该侦察卫星的图片拍摄能力将次于美国的商业卫星，例如洛克希德·马丁公司制造的“伊克诺斯”卫星，其主要原因是卫星拍摄地面目标时调焦能力的不足。     

美国公布2005财年先期概念技术验证项目

据美国《全球安全》网站2005年1月4日报道,截止2004年12月31日,全世界航天国家的在轨工作军用卫星共有220颗。其中通信卫星80颗,导航卫星53颗,成像卫星25颗,电子侦察卫星12颗,预警卫星11颗．海洋监视卫星18颗,气象卫星12颗,小型军用或技术发展卫星9颗。它们分别属于美国、俄罗斯、中国,法国、英国、意大利、以色列、澳大利亚、日本、印度等国家。     

低轨道卫星侦察系统设想

本文概述了卫星侦察的特点、分类、技术以及外军的卫星侦察发展筒况：描述了你匦道小卫星发展大趋势,提出了一个较为详细的传输型低轨道成像侦察卫星系统的设想,包括小卫星星座、小卫星平台、星上成像载荷、小卫星专用运载火箭、卫星测控、卫星数据传输以及成像数据处理和应用等方面;最后提出了与小卫星系统有关而需要立项预研的关键新技术。     

军闻述评

美公布商业卫星拍摄的中国潜艇基地照片据《华盛顿邮报》2006年2月16 日报道,美国一家商业公司公布了数幅2002-2004年间拍摄的有关中国军事基地的卫星照片,其中一幅照片为山东省姜格庄(音译)潜艇基地,照片中可以看到1艘“夏”级导弹潜艇,1 艘“汉”级攻击潜艇及地下潜艇洞库的海上入口和陆上入口。这些商业卫星拍摄的高分辨率照片可识别地面3英尺大小的物体,此次卫星图片是该类军事基地首次被曝光, 美国还掌握更为详细的中国潜艇基地洞口的保密照片。     

美国巡航导弹防御现状

1　引　言相对简单和便宜的巡航导弹可以被大量部署来突破防御 ,对人口密集区和军事目标进行远程攻击。卫星成像和ＧＰＳ这些商业技术的日趋成熟极大地增强了这些武器的效能。它们可以利用卫星成像进行任务规划 ,利用ＧＰＳ接收机进行中段制导 ,并可携带常规战斗部、化学战斗部和生化战斗部以及监视传感器和干扰装置。据美国有关方面估计 ,目前全球有 75种巡航导弹系统正在服役 ,还有 4 2种正在开发中 ,总共约 700 0 0多枚这类导弹在至少 82个国家服役 ,其中大部分为反舰导弹 ,但它们可以比较容易地被改造用作对陆攻击 ,每枚弹价格仅 15万美…     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.