关于新中国元帅军衔的评定问题

1955年9月27日下午,中华人民共和国主席毛泽东授予10位中国人民解放军高级将领以元帅军衔.10位元帅依次是:朱德、彭德怀、林彪、刘伯承、贺龙、陈毅、罗荣桓、徐向前、聂荣臻、叶剑英.关于元帅军衔的评定问题,社会上的说法很多.     

如何选择建设工程施工评标

现行建设工程施工评标办法的实行,为规范建设工程施工招标投标活动,保护国家利益、社会公共利益和施工招标投标当事人的全法权益,保证工程质量,提高投资效益起到了重要作用。但是,在实际实施的过程中,也存在一些问题,如围标、串标等违背招标投标法律、法规规定的现象仍然存在。     

因材施教 培养中学生“写”的技能

国家教育部制定的<英语课程标准>(实验稿)对初中生就语言教学技能中"写"的技能提出了明确的规定:第一,根据写做要求,收集、准备素材;第二,能独立起草短文、短信等,并在教师的指导下进行修改;第三,能使用常见的连接词表明顺序和逻辑关系;第四,能简单描述人物或事件;第五,能根据所给图画或表格写出简单的段落或操作说明.     

作为文化遗产的革命军事遗存——评《中国人民解放军军事文化遗产》

1927年8月1日南昌城头的第一声枪响,宣告了中国人民解放军的诞生。80年来,井冈山上的星火,延水河畔的红旗,天安门前的方阵,人民解放军走过了一条风雨兼程、艰辛备历而又与胜利相伴、与辉煌交融的伟大道路。80年来,人民解放军为后人留下了丰富而宝贵的军事文化遗产。它们散布于神州大地,它们是一部部红色经典,它们是一座座不朽丰碑。为纪念中国人民解放军建军80周年,上海大学出版社近日隆重推出了一部被列为全国纪念中国人民解放军建军80年周年重点图书——《中国人民解放军军事文化遗产》。该书由南京政治学院上海分院《军事历史研究》杂志…     

军统"交通警察部队"的组建和覆没

抗日战争结束后,蒋介石于1946年3月1日组建了一支特种武装力量--交通警察部队,它随着大陆的全部解放宣告完结,存在了近4年之久.这支武装虽名为交警,却同现今全国由公安厅局所辖负责城市公路交通指挥、督办驾证、处理交通事故的交警完全不同.     

影响成才的10大不利因素

1.三天打鱼两天晒网就是说打三天鱼,得晒两天网,比喻在学习或工作时缺乏恒心,时常中断,不能坚持不懈。某部队小李和小王,同年入伍,入伍时他们有个共同的目标——考学提干。从此,小李为了目标,坚持不懈地学习、训练,别人在玩时他在学,别人在休息时他在练,而小王却三天打鱼两天晒网,总是坚持不长。最后,小李     

“巾帼书记”破解难题——记山西省天镇县县委书记、人武部党委第一书记徐尚红

徐尚红任山西省大同市天镇县县委书记兼人武部党委第一书记一年多,就扭转了该县基层武装工作被动局面。她的关键词是:"管武装就要破解难题。""怎么能让人家贴钱干工作?""武装工作是县委和政府的一项重要工作,民兵预备役队     

坚守边关14年的“富三代”

作为一个32岁还没成婚的大龄青年,他被战友们笑称是哨所剩男;作为一个入伍14年的老兵,他被战士们称呼为班长;作为一个富三代,他选择坚守边关14年。     

呼吸养生的诀窍

健康学家进行的一项调查显示,不论在发达国家还是不发达国家,城市人口中至少有一半以上(大多为缺乏运动的办公室一族)呼吸方式不健康,典型表现为:呼吸过于浅短,吸入的新鲜空气还没来得及到达肺叶下端的肺泡,就已经被呼出。人体所有的器官和细胞都需要充足的氧气,所以正确的深腹式呼吸方法不仅对人体健     

三五九旅南征始末

1946年11月,三五九旅在山东组建渤海教导旅。1948年2月,三五九旅改编为中国人民解放军第二军步兵第五师,渤海教导旅改编为步兵第六师。1949年冬,二军五师抵达南疆重镇阿克苏后,立即开展了大生产、减租反霸、建立政权等重大行动。不久,三五九旅老部队一分为三:718团改编的五师14团驻阿克苏(包括师部);719团改编的五师15团横穿塔克拉玛干大沙漠,解放了和田;717团改编的五师13团大部北越天山进驻巩留、新源,参加剿匪平叛战斗。他们用热血和汗水,在新疆创建了四大垦区,从伊犁河谷到昆仑山下,从开都河畔到塔里木河两岸。今年8月15日是抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利65周年。为纪念这一伟大胜利,本文记述了三五九旅在抗日战争期间一些鲜为人知的英雄故事——     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

The UK,interrogation and Iraq, 2003–2008

The UK’s interrogation operations during the conflict in Iraq (2003–2008) are often portrayed by the media as involving significant amounts of mistreatment. This article demonstrates that these practices are not necessarily representative of the UK’s interrogation operations across this conflict. In doing so it contributes to the limited literature on the practice of interrogation and on the UK’s combat operations in Iraq. The UK’s interrogation capability, and therefore its intelligence-gathering capability, is shown to have rested primarily with the military’s Joint Forward Interrogation Team (JFIT). The JFIT suffered from limitations to the number, training and experience of its interrogators and interpreters. It is argued that maintaining a permanent, higher level of preparedness for interrogation by the British armed forces is desirable.     

Remembering and forgetting Mirambo: Histories of war in modern Africa

ABSTRACT

While the study of organised violence is considered essential to understanding the history of the West, and accordingly imbued with various layers of meaning and remembrance, war is widely regarded as inimical to the modern nation in Africa and stable development more broadly. Using examples drawn from primarily from East Africa, this paper considers the ways in which warfare in the deeper (‘precolonial’) past has been framed and envisioned in recent decades, in particular by governments whose own roots lie in revolutionary armed struggle and who began life as guerrilla movements. While in some cases particular elements of the deeper past were indeed mobilised in pursuit of contemporary political goals, in many other scenarios histories of precolonial violence were beheld as problematic and unworthy of remembrance. This paper highlights the paradox and ambiguity which has attended the memory of key aspects of Africa’s deeper past.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.