海底隧道强震动力响应及其极限状态研究

以某海底沉管隧道为例,利用强度折减法对沉管隧道在强震作用下的动力响应进行分析,采用钢筋混凝土等效模型,以极限应变值分析沉管隧道的整体破坏极限状态。研究结果表明:水平地震荷载作用下,由于受到周围土层的约束作用,沉管水平向位移变化不大;但在地震、海水及淤泥等荷载的共同作用下,沉管顶板两端的素混凝土单元将产生拉伸、剪切破坏,钢筋混凝土等效单元产生剪切破坏。此外,还得到了强震作用下海底沉管隧道的整体破坏极限状态及其相应的安全系数。研究成果可为海底隧道抗震设计提供参考。     

桩基础极限荷载有限元判定方法研究

以桩基础极限荷载分析为例,探讨各种极限荷载计算和判定方法,以提高计算精度。有限元极限分析方法分为强度折减法和荷载增量法。强度折减法极限荷载判定方法有:1F-Q_u曲线判定法,即曲线出现V型尖点,则V型尖点前一点对应的强度折减系数为桩基础的安全系数;2F-s曲线判定法,即F-s曲线出现拐点,其后曲线近似平行于s轴;3 F-Δs′ΔP′突变曲线判定法,当曲线发生突变,出现一条近似与F轴垂直的直线,曲线突变前的拐点对应的强度折减系数为安全系数;4数值计算收敛性判定法,即计算恰好不收敛时前一点对应的强度折减系数为安全系数;5塑性区贯通判定法,该方法只适用于判断计算的正确性。荷载增量法极限荷载判定方法有:1P-s曲线判定法,曲线有明显第2个拐点,其后近似平行于s轴,第2拐点对应荷载为极限荷载;2数值计算收敛性判定法;3塑性区贯通判定法。研究表明上述各种方法判定桩基础的极限荷载几乎相同,只要按规定来操作,各种判定方法都是可行的。强度折减法与荷载增量法所得极限荷载误差很小,表明2类判定方法都是可行的。     

土质隧洞围岩稳定性分析与设计计算方法探讨

论述了以洞周位移量与围岩塑性区大小作为围岩稳定性经验判据的不足，依靠模型试验与力学计算，分析了隧洞破坏机理与形式。由此提出将基于有限元强度折减法求出的围岩安全系数作为稳定分析判据，这种判据有严格的力学依据，有统一的标准，而且不受其他因素的影响。研究了隧洞围岩安全系数（剪切安全系数、拉裂安全系数）与衬砌安全系数的算法以及隧洞设计计算方法。最后以黄土洞室为例，给出了土体隧洞设计计算新方法，并对土体隧洞今后的研究方向提出了几点展望。     

用有限元强度折减法进行加筋土挡土墙稳定性分析

加筋土挡土墙边坡是一种新型的边坡加固形式,传统的理论分析主要是考虑力的平衡关系,因此还有不少的缺陷,而有限元分析不仅满足力与位移的平衡关系,而且考虑了筋带与土体的协调变形作用,模拟的结果能使人们方便地掌握挡墙的整体与局部变化。结合某加筋土挡土墙的实例,利用有限元对其进行了数值模拟,用强度折减法计算了边坡的安全系数,并与极限平衡进行比较,对类似的工程有一定的指导作用。     

有限元强度折减法研究进展

介绍笔者近年来在有限元强度折减法分析边坡稳定性方面的一些进展,主要包括有限元中边坡破坏的判据,屈服准则的影响和选用,有限元强度折减法在土坡与岩坡中的应用,有限元强度折减法在支挡结构与岩土介质共同作用方面的应用,最后介绍了三维有限元强度折减法的一些研究进展。通过这些工作,使有限元强度折减法的计算精度得到很大提高,并扩大了有限元强度折减法的应用范围。     

考虑抗拉强度的含外倾结构面岩质边坡稳定性分析

当前工程设计都是将边坡失稳破坏看成整体的剪切破坏即M-C剪切破坏,基本不考虑岩土体本身抗拉强度.而岩质边坡真实的破坏应该是张拉-剪切复合破坏,不应是传统不考虑抗拉强度的单一剪切破坏模式.利用FLAC3D软件,基于张拉-剪切复合破坏准则对岩体和结构面强度参数同时进行强度折减,与只考虑抗剪强度的情况进行比较来研究抗拉强度对...     

在纵向压力作用下有初挠度的长矩形板的极限强度和有效宽度

本文应用薄板大挠度理论,对有初挠度的长矩形板在纵向压力作用下的屈曲后行为进行近似分析,推导出计算板的极限强度和有效宽度的理论公式。然后作适当简化,提出了计算板的折减系数的实用公式。该公式与美国海军用的Frankland公式很接近,后者为驱逐舰的实船破坏试验的结果所支持。该公式与国外的实验结果也接近。鉴于我国沿用的苏联手册中相应公式计算的折减系数值偏高,作者推荐本文提出的实用公式作为我国计算纵骨架式舰体纵向受压板的折减系数的公式。     

抗滑桩设计安全系数标准讨论

对国内外边滑坡治理的抗滑桩设计安全系数标准进行了对比分析,指出我国各行业规范建议的稳定安全系数设计标准和国际上采用的标准相比总体偏低,建议适当提高。一些岩土设计规范在抗滑桩设计中考虑了2次安全系数,在滑坡推力计算中考虑了1次安全系数,然后又考虑了1.35的荷载分项系数。基于此,提出了一种新的设计思路,将极限状态设计法和稳定安全系数法区分开来,设计时分别满足极限状态设计法的荷载分项系数设计标准和稳定安全系数法设计标准,取2种方法的极大值进行抗滑桩结构设计。这样,既满足了结构工程师要求的极限状态荷载系数标准,又满足了岩土工程师要求的稳定安全系数标准,避免重复考虑安全系数。     

海水集料混凝土单轴受压力学特性试验研究

进行不同SAP体积分数和不同龄期下海水集料混凝土的单轴受压应力-应变全曲线试验,分析龄期和SAP体积分数对海水集料混凝土抗压强度、峰值应变、残余强度和弹性模量的影响。结果表明:SAP体积分数在30%以内时,不同龄期海水集料混凝土的破坏形式均为劈裂破坏;海水集料混凝土内部完全干燥时,其极限应变和残余强度均大于普通混凝土;海水集料混凝土的极限应变可视为弹性极限应变,可将其应力-应变全曲线分为上升段、下降段和平台段分别进行拟合。     

一种新的点蚀损伤下船体结构极限强度计算方法

针对当前点蚀损伤情况下船体结构极限强度的计算问题,首先依据实船点蚀勘验数据分析了点蚀的特征要素,提出了点蚀特征矩阵的概念,从刚度折减角度建立了一种新的极限强度计算方法;然后,与目前常用的两种点蚀损伤下极限强度计算方法进行了对比;最后,以实船的点蚀损伤加筋板为分析对象,通过有限元法对不同载荷工况下,三种点蚀损伤评估方法的适用性和可靠性进行了对比分析。结果表明:基于DOP和ΔV的点蚀损伤极限计算方法受承载形式的影响较大,而基于刚度缩减因子的极限强度计算方法适用性相对较好。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Reviews

Douglas S. Derrer, We Are All the Target: A Handbook of Terrorism Avoidance and Hostage Survival. Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute Press, 1992. Pp. x+135, notes, index. $14.95. ISBN 01–55750–150–5

Ian Knight, Zulu: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, 22–23 January 1879. London: Windrow & Greene, 1992. Pp.136, 150 illus., incl 8 colour plates, maps, biblio. £35. ISBN 1–872004–23–7

Ian Knight, By the Orders of the Great White Queen: Campaigning in Zululand through the Eyes of the British Soldiers, 1879. London: Greenhill Books and Novato: Presidio Press, 1992. Pp. 272, 17 illus., 1 map. £18.95. ISBN 1–85367–122–3

Manfried Rauchensteiner and Erwin A. Schmidl (eds.), Formen des Krieges: vom Mittelalter zum ‘Low‐intensity’ Conflict’. Graz : Verlag Styria, 1991. Pp.208. DM35. ISBN 3–22–12139–7

Harold J. Kearsley, Maritime Power and the Twenty‐First Century. Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing Company, Limited, 1992. Pp.xv + 203, 13 diagrams, index. £32.50. ISBN 1–85521–288–9     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.