延安新区压实Q_2黄土增减湿高压压缩变形特性

为研究压实Q2黄土在高压力条件下的增减湿高压压缩变形特性,采用DGD系列型高压固结仪分别对不同初始压实度和不同初始含水率条件下的压实Q2黄土试样进行高压压缩试验,分析压实Q2黄土压缩变形特性随初始压实度和初始含水率的变化规律;运用不同方法对压缩试验成果进行整理,分析侧限条件下压实Q2黄土应力应变关系特点。结果表明:压实Q2黄土的压缩变形特性受初始压实度和初始含水率的影响较大,在最大压实度和最优含水率处的压缩变形量最小;初始压实度不同,拟合压实Q2黄土应力应变关系曲线的函数也不同,在较低初始压实度条件下,用双曲线拟合效果较好,此时割线模量与应力呈线性关系,在较高初始压实度条件下,用幂函数拟合效果更好。     

高速冲击下金属橡胶动态力学特性研究

为探讨金属橡胶在高速冲击环境下的动态力学性能,制备了圆柱实心金属橡胶试件,使用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)开展了金属橡胶的动态压缩试验。分析了金属橡胶动态应力-应变规律,探讨应变速率和弹簧卷外径对金属橡胶的动态弹性模量、动态峰值应力、能量吸收和理想能量吸收效率的影响规律。结果表明,动态应力-应变曲线分为弹性形变阶段、局部塑性变形阶段和破坏阶段,动态弹性模量和动态峰值应力均表现出典型的应变速率效应,且均随弹簧卷外径的增大而减小。此外,随着应变增大,能量吸收性能随应变速率增大而逐渐变好,随弹簧卷外径的减小而逐渐变好。理想吸能效率受应变速率影响很小,但随应变增大而逐渐增高并趋于饱和,其饱和值均大于0.75,弹簧卷外径为3 mm时,金属橡胶的理想吸能效率最优,其饱和值达到0.88,表明金属橡胶材料在高速冲击下有良好的吸能抗冲击作用。     

成层地基中压入法沉桩引起的桩周土体变形分析

通过在桩-土界面设置接触面,选用合理的单元类型,建立了较为符合压入桩压桩实际的三维有限元模型。利用得到的有限元模型,采用单元生死技术对压入桩压桩过程进行了数值模拟,讨论了成层地基压桩过程中桩周土体的竖向应力及应变随压桩深度的动态变化。选用桩型为钢管桩,分析结果表明:随着压桩深度的增加,桩内桩周土体的竖向应力(或应变)一直表现为压应力(或压应变),且逐渐增大;桩外桩周土体的竖向应力(或应变)逐渐由压应力(或压应变)变为拉应力(或拉应变)。随着压桩深度的增加,桩内桩周土体前3层竖向应力(或应变)的变化幅度基本一致,第4层的变化幅度增大;桩外桩周土体每2层土之间的差异都较大。     

考虑细观结构变化的原状Q3黄土变形和强度特性

为研究结构性对非饱和原状Q3黄土变形和强度特性的影响，做了12个非饱和原状Q3黄土的CT-三轴侧向卸荷试验。在试验剪切过程中，利用CT机对试样进行跟踪扫描，共得到168张CT图像。基于试验数据建立了细观结构参数，并利用该参数来反映非饱和原状Q3黄土的变形和强度特性，从而得到能反映细观结构性影响的非线性应力-应变关系以及摩尔-库伦强度公式。     

自重湿陷性黄土的力学特性试验研究

对宁夏扶贫扬黄灌溉工程十一号泵站地基的原状自重湿陷性黄土进行了系统的非饱和土试验研究,包括土水特征曲线试验、直剪试验、各向同性三轴压缩试验和控制吸力的三轴湿陷试验.试验结果表明:吸力不超过200 kPa时,原状土的持水能力高于重塑土,当吸力超过200 kPa后,两种土的土水特征曲线相接近;原状黄土的内摩擦角随吸力基本不变,总粘聚力随吸力的增加而线性增加;不同吸力下的屈服净平均应力随着吸力的增大而增大,屈服后的压缩指数随吸力增大而减小;同一净围压和偏应力下,随吸力的增加湿陷变形增加;净围压对湿陷变形有一定影响.     

挤密桩地基非饱和黄土变形强度特性的三轴试验研究

用非饱和土三轴仪和GDS应力路径三轴仪对兰州张家台变电站工地挤密桩复合地基桩间非饱和黄土和原状黄土进行系统的试验研究,通过同时控制吸力和净室压力的三轴排水剪切试验,分析探讨了挤密桩间黄土和原状饱和黄土的应力-应变性状及强度规律,得到了各自的变形和强度参数,并将这些参数进行了比较和分析,利用规范推荐的方法量化了灰土挤密桩对桩间非饱和黄土在地基承载力方面的改善作用。     

深水抛填风化砂的有限元计算分析

本文利用三峡强风化砂侧限固结和侧限压缩渗透试验的结果,即风化砂侧限压缩的应力－应变关系,以及渗透系数随应力增加（或孔隙比减小）而降低的关系,针对深水抛填风化砂在自重和水压力作用下的工程特性进行了非线性有限元计算分析,得出了深水抛填风化砂其饱和容重,干密度,孔隙比和渗透系数随深度的变化情况,并将计算结果与模型试验结果进行了比较和讨论,得出了若干对于围堰堰体力学状态,渗流状态分析以及防渗墙构筑等有实用     

厦门市粉细砂动三轴试验研究

通过一系列的动三轴试验,得出在相同初始条件下动弹模与动弹性应变一一对应的结论;发现在大应变下阻尼比随动弹应变的增大而减小,并解释了出现这一现象的原因;给出了动残余弹模与固结应力的计算公式,以上结论可为厦门地区抗震设计提供参考。     

921A钢在海水中腐蚀的力学化学效应

为了研究弹性应力和弹塑性应变对921A船体钢在模拟海水中腐蚀行为的影响,采用自制的载荷-电化学实验装置对921A钢在载荷与腐蚀介质协同作用时的开路电位、动电位极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱等电化学性能进行了测试,并由电化学阻抗谱拟合得到的电荷传递电阻定义载荷下的腐蚀速率修正因子,将实验得到的腐蚀速率修正因子与理论值进行了对比。结果表明:弹性拉应力与弹性压应力对力学化学效应的影响具有对称性。力学化学效应随着弹性应力的增大而增大,随着弹塑性应变的增大先增大后减小。弹塑性应变对力学化学效应的影响远远大于弹性应力的影响。在研究范围内,弹塑性应变引起的腐蚀电位负移量最大为62.6 mV,相应的腐蚀速率修正因子高达4.113,而弹性应力引起的腐蚀电位负移量最大为24.5 mV,相应的腐蚀速率修正因子为1.746。由此可见,应力应变对921A钢在海水中腐蚀行为的影响不容忽视。     

重塑非饱和含粘砂土变形强度特性的三轴试验

利用多功能土工三轴仪探讨了非饱和含粘砂土的变形和强度特性，共进行3种应力路径的三轴试验：控制吸力的各向同性压缩试验、控制净平均应力的三轴收缩试验、控制吸力和净围压为常数的三轴排水剪切试验。研究结果表明：该土的屈服净平均应力和偏应力都随吸力增大；在净平均应力不变的条件下，该土的屈服吸力是一常数但不等于土样在历史上曾受过的最大吸力；随着净围压增大，其应力-应变曲线由软化向硬化型转变；在高吸力高围压下，呈现脆性破坏。控制吸力和净围压为常数的三轴排水剪切试验在p—q平面内的强度包络线为直线；在试验研究的吸力范围（50～200kPa）内，该土的粘聚力随吸力线性增加；内摩擦角随吸力的变化很小，可以认为是一常数；该土具有显著的剪胀特性，剪胀性不仅取决于千密度与围压，而且还与吸力密切相关。     

陕西蒲城Q_2黄土物质组成试验研究

利用激光散射粒度分布分析仪、X射线衍射仪等先进的测试手段和化学成分分析,得到了陕西蒲城Q2黄土的物质组成特点,包括颗粒组成、矿物成分、化学成分、易溶盐含量、酸碱特性等,并指出与Q3黄土的差异。为深入研究Q2黄土的湿陷机理和工程地质特性以及解释与Q3黄土工程性质的差异提供科学依据。     

高能量强夯在处理湿陷性黄土地基和不良地质体工程中应用研究

结合某工程采用6 000 kN·m高能量强夯处理湿陷性黄土地基和人为采金遗留的不良地质体的工程实践,分析研究了高能量强夯的加固机理、施工工艺、有效加固深度、影响深度的计算方法及有关参数,探讨了该技术处理湿陷性黄土地基和不良地质体的优点与适用性等问题.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.