有人/无人机协同作战能力生成问题研究

有人/无人机协同作战是一种新型空中作战样式。为充分发挥两类飞机各自优势特点,加速体系作战能力生成,在系统总结有人/无人机协同作战优点的基础上,分析了世界各军事强国在该领域的研究和发展成果,从关键技术、资源整合和协同训练三个方面提出了有人/无人机协同作战能力生成的关键问题,并围绕注重标准建设、强化顶层设计和拓展协同训练提出加速有人/无人机协同作战能力生成的措施办法,为发展新型空中作战力量提供参考。     

基于灰色理论的有人/无人机协同作战效能评估

在人工智能等高新技术推动下,有人/无人机集群协同作战将是未来战争的新常态,如何有效评估其作战效能是当前亟须研究解决的重点难点问题。从有人/无人机集群典型作战任务下的作战运用能力需求入手,重点对评估指标体系构建、评估指标权重的确立与修正、评估模型构建等进行研究,实例验证了评估模型的可行性。研究成果可为评估有人/无人机集群协同作战效能提供有效方法手段,同时为有人/无人机集群协同作战运用提供理论支撑和决策参考。     

有人/无人机协同作战指挥界面设计

分析了近期内有人/无人机协同作战的体系结构及作战模式,基于三代战机座舱普遍装备的多功能显示器,展开有人/无人机指挥控制界面的设计;基于人机工程学观点和飞行员的视觉习惯,从缓解飞行员的心理和生理疲劳的角度出发布置无人机编队的飞行参数,设计了有人/无人机执行协同对地攻击任务时包含巡航队形、战斗队形、任务类型、导航点切换等功能的指挥控制界面。为未来短期内有人/无人机协同作战指挥控制系统研究提供参考。     

有人/无人机协同作战关键技术

分析了无人作战飞机在各国的研究及使用情况,给出了有人/无人机协同作战指挥控制系统的结构,按照空间位置和主要完成任务的不同,将系统分为有人机、无人机两个平台,介绍了各平台的组成部分及相应的功能,归纳出协同作战所需要解决的关键技术:交互控制技术、协同态势感知、协同目标分配、协同航路规划技术、毁伤效能评估技术及智能决策技术,并且给出了一个在典型作战任务想定下的作战及信息处理流程.最后对无人作战飞机未来的发展方向进行了展望.     

基于组合赋权法的有人/无人机协同作战能力分析

为了对有人/无人机协同作战能力(MAV/UAV Cooperative Engagement Capability,M/U-CEC)进行数学建模和量化评估,提出了一种基于组合赋权法的M/U-CEC计算方法。建立有人/无人机协同作战的参数体系,确定M/U-CEC的量化指标,分别使用层次分析法和信息熵理论得到参数主观和客观权重,最后根据融合算法得到组合权重并建立了作战能力模型。仿真结果表明相比于单纯使用层次分析法或信息熵确定权重,利用组合赋权法分析作战能力可信度更高。     

有人机/无人机协同效果评估模型设计

针对目前有人机/无人机协同效果评估缺乏科学方法的现状,在确定了有人机/无人机指控体系结构的基础上,给出了一种新的基于复杂网络的有人机/无人机协同作战网络模型描述方法,进而生成了一种有人机/无人机协同作战协同效果评估模型,并运用该模型对有人机/无人机协同作战网络拓扑模型进行了协同效果评估.     

基于改进AHP的无人机作战能力量化研究

针对无人机平台及载荷类型多样、作战性能各异,难以统一量化分析的问题,提出一种基于改进AHP(层次分析法)的无人机作战能力量化方法,构建了目标-准则-指标-实例的多层作战能力结构关系.通过一种指数标度方法,降低了标度的主观性影响,优化了层次结构元素权重求解.基于无人机装备的作战能力构成构建量化指标体系,较好地实现了多类型无人机作战能力的量化评估,对于多无人机协同作战的兵力分析具有一定的实用价值.     

从《四年防务审查报告》看无人机上舰

在2010年2月2日发布的《四年防务审查报告》中,美国国防部承诺将继续对无人机进行投资,其中也包括海军无人机。美国海军目前正在发展的舰载无人机有两型:MQ-8B"火力侦察兵"垂直起降无人机和X-47B固定翼无人作战飞机,"火力侦察兵"计划装备驱逐舰、护卫舰、两栖攻击舰等非航母大中型水面舰,而X-47B则计划装备航母。美国海军为舰载无人机规定的主要使命是情报、监视和侦察(ISR)任务,今后还将进一步扩大应用范围,包括对敌防空压制、通信中继、电子战、舰艇保护、反水雷、反潜等领域。舰载无人机将成为海军水面舰队的"力量倍增器",代替有人驾驶飞机执行枯燥、恶劣和危险的任务(即所谓的3D任务),或与有人驾驶飞机配合,协同作战。     

有/无人机协同使用声纳浮标应召搜潜研究

有/无人机混编协同反潜作战可以发挥有人机和无人机的互补优势,极大提高反潜效能,是未来航空兵作战的重要方式。针对有/无人机反潜特性,分析了有/无人机使用声纳浮标协同应召搜潜过程和方式。以反潜机布设声纳浮标、无人机进行监听为前提,提出了无人机监听航路的代价函数,以此分析了无人机最优监听航路,计算结果表明监听方案的可行性,对有/无人机协同反潜作战具有一定的参考意义。     

面向任务的有人机/无人机协同对地攻击概率模型

有人机/无人机协同对地攻击是未来空对地打击的主要作战样式,如何评估其协同作战的效能是军地双方共同面对的重要课题。首先根据完成对地攻击任务的4个环节建立了对地攻击的总概率模型;然后基于桥联模型建立了各个环节的概率模型;最后给出了一架有人机协同两架无人机对地攻击的算例,并对模型反算、协同与非协同对比以及多波次攻击等问题进行了讨论和分析,验证了模型良好可用性和广泛适用性。     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.