分布载荷作用下多铁性圆柱复合材料的断裂分析

针对多铁性圆柱复合材料因其外表面上存在不同类型的轴向分布载荷而出现的界面裂纹问题,建立了断裂力学分析模型。首先利用分离变量法和无穷级数法推导出该模型的Cauchy奇异积分方程组,然后利用Lobatto-Chebyshev配点法离散该方程组为代数方程组,进而得到裂纹尖端应力强度因子(Stress Intensity Factor,SIF)的数值解。通过对数值结果的分析得到:在不同类型的分布载荷作用下,压电层厚度以及分布载荷大小是影响裂纹尖端SIF的主要因素。该研究结果可为此类复合材料在实际工程应用中的防断裂优化设计提供理论参考。     

压电-正交基体复合半圆柱的界面端部开裂问题研究

建立了半圆柱形压电-正交基体复合材料界面端部开裂问题的力学模型,其中压电层为锆钛酸铅铁电陶瓷,基体为正交异性聚乙烯复合材料。综合利用位错模拟法、格林函数法和奇异积分方程法,对裂纹问题进行了理论分析。通过对应力强度因子进行数值求解和讨论,揭示了几何、物理参数对断裂行为的影响规律。从界面端部止裂的角度出发,找到了压电复合半圆柱的2种优化设计形式:一种是将"较软的内部基体"和"较硬的外部压电层"相结合;另一种是采用正交各向异性介电材料作为基体。另外,数值计算还表明:与剪切模量变化对应力强度因子的影响相比,压电系数和介电系数变化的影响至少要小2个数量级,因此后面二者对结构防断裂优化设计没有显著的实际意义。     

界面改性对SiCp/Cu复合材料导热性能的影响

采用磁控溅射法结合结晶化热处理工艺在SiC颗粒表面成功制备了金属Mo涂层,分析Mo涂层的成分和形貌;采用热压烧结工艺制备SiCp/Cu复合材料,重点对比分析Mo界面阻挡层厚度对复合材料导热性能的影响。结果表明:磁控溅射法能够在SiC颗粒表面沉积得到Mo涂层,随溅射时间的延长,Mo涂层的厚度增加、粗糙度增大,且磁控溅射后SiC颗粒表面直接得到的Mo涂层为非晶态,结晶化热处理后,变为致密平整的晶态Mo涂层。磁控溅射时间对Mo涂层厚度和复合材料导热性能影响明显。随磁控溅射时间的增加,复合材料的热导率呈先增后减趋势。采用磁控溅射9h镀Mo改性并经过800℃结晶化热处理的SiC复合粉体在850℃下热压烧结制备的SiCp/Cu复合材料(VSiC=50%),其热导率达到了最高值274.056W/(m·K)。     

界面改性对SiCp/Cu复合材料导热性能的影响*(复合材料专题)

采用磁控溅射法结合结晶化热处理工艺在碳化硅（Silicon Carbide, SiC）颗粒表面成功制备了金属钼（Molybdenum, Mo）涂层，分析了Mo涂层的成分和形貌；然后采用热压烧结工艺制备了SiCp/Cu复合材料，重点对比分析了Mo界面阻挡层厚度对复合材料导热性能的影响。结果表明：磁控溅射法能够在SiC颗粒表面沉积得到Mo 涂层，随溅射时间的延长Mo涂层的厚度增加、粗糙度增大，且磁控溅射后SiC颗粒表面直接得到的Mo涂层为非晶态，结晶化热处理后，变为致密平整的晶态Mo涂层。磁控溅射时间即Mo涂层厚度对复合材料导热性能影响明显，随磁控溅射时间的增加，复合材料的热导率呈现先增后减趋势，采用磁控溅射9h镀Mo改性并经过800℃结晶化热处理的SiC复合粉体在850℃下热压烧结制备的SiCp/Cu复合材料（VSiC=50%），其热导率达到了最高值274.056W/(m·K)。     

夹层复合材料耐压圆柱壳深水静压承载特性分析

为探究新型夹层复合材料耐压圆柱壳在深水环境中的极限承载能力及失效模式,以湿法缠绕工艺成型的圆柱壳模型为研究对象,通过开展深水静压试验研究及数值仿真,分析了结构的极限承载能力及失效模式。结果表明:夹层复合材料圆柱壳的失效模式为整体失稳,内外蒙皮均出现明显纤维断裂,伴随结构渗水,内蒙皮与芯层界面处出现分层并扩展,导致结构完全丧失承载能力。同时,在兼顾结构强度与稳定性双重指标前提下,预测了结构的渐进破坏模式及极限荷载,预测值与试验结果相比误差为5.97%。该研究为夹层复合材料耐压壳的应用设计提供了技术储备。     

冲击波载荷作用下固支正交各向异性薄板挠度特性分析

根据能量原理,采用层合板理论和薄板大变形理论,对四边固支的矩形正交铺层的纤维增强复合材料薄板在爆炸冲击波作用下的弹性大变形进行理论分析,得到了层合板的最大挠度计算公式。有限元数值模拟计算表明,理论计算结果与有限元数值模拟的结果吻合较好,因此该方法可用来对复合材料板在弹性范围内的最大挠度进行预测,同时认为根据薄板的最大挠度,可以计算板的应力(应变)分布和复合材料板失效时的爆炸载荷。     

含脱粘界面颗粒增强金属基复合材料局部应力场的尺度效应

在通过三相胞元方法求解出的复合材料有效刚度基础上,将三相胞元置于有效介质氛围中,且有效介质与复合材料具有相同弹性常数;根据有效自洽理论对受单轴拉应力作用的复合材料进行局部应力场分析,理论结果表明：只有考虑存在脱粘界面时,颗粒增强复合材料局部应力场具有明显的尺度效应,其应力值还与脱粘界面含量有关;基体承载的应力要小于外载应力,颗粒内纵向应力要大于外载荷,对基体材料起到了强化的作用,这与实际情况相符合。     

高速电弧喷涂高碳钢涂层内聚结合强度的评价

热喷涂涂层的内聚结合强度是评价涂层综合性能的重要影响因素之一,但目前尚缺少评价涂层内聚结合强度的试验研究.针对这一问题,提出基于纯涂层的拉伸试验测量方法:首先采用优化的自动化高速电弧喷涂工艺制备了厚度达8 mm的82B高碳钢厚涂层,使用线切割和磨削方法制备出板状纯涂层拉伸试样,通过测量涂层的拉伸力计算涂层内聚结合强度,同时结合应力-应变曲线和断口形貌特征深入分析涂层的结合机理和断裂行为.结果发现:高碳钢涂层的平均内聚结合强度高达130.9 MPa,远远高于涂层/基体界面拉伸结合强度值,且涂层的拉伸断裂表现为典型的脆性断裂特征.     

夹芯复合材料T型接头侧弯损伤机理及强度特性分析

针对复合材料夹芯板材构件的侧弯承载和坚固连接要求,设计了弧形过渡区增强型T型胶接接头。建立了夹芯复合材料T型接头数值模型,模拟了其在侧弯载荷作用下的损伤产生、扩展及失效过程,并对夹芯复合材料T型接头试件进行了静态侧弯试验。结果表明:接头发生初始损伤的线载荷强度为44~47N/mm,损伤发生后接头的刚度值发生折减(降低约28%~32%),此时接头的承载能力仍在上升;试件界面完全剥离载荷强度较初始损伤线载荷强度略有增加(线载荷强度范围为54~62N/mm)。数值计算与试验结果吻合,表明弧形过渡区是夹芯复合材料T型接头最薄弱的部位,易发生破坏;初始损伤将首先出现在弧形过渡区复合材料表层,随着层间裂纹的扩展,过渡区复合材料与芯材的复合界面处出现剥离破坏并向自由端端部界面扩展,这是导致夹芯复合材料T型胶接接头失效的最主要原因。     

面内载荷下复合材料帽型加筋板结构稳定性分析

为探究复合材料帽型加筋板结构稳定性问题,首先根据层合板理论和等效刚度法,通过分析边界条件得出复合材料帽型加筋板在面内压载作用下局部失稳的特征方程;然后,引入算例进行了数值计算,定量分析了结构参数变化对帽型加筋板临界载荷和屈曲模态的影响规律;最后,结合算例进行了相应的试验分析,试验结果和计算结果吻合较好。分析表明：帽型加筋板在面内压载作用下优先发生局部失稳,通过合理设计帽型筋条可有效避免结构整体失效。该研究结果对工程结构设计应用具有一定的理论参考价值。     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

Country survey XVI the defence sector in the economy of a declining superpower: Soviet Union and Russia, 1965-2001

The Soviet Union was able to develop a large military-industrial complex and become the world's second superpower despite deficiencies in its centrally planned economy because defence was given high priority status and special planning, rationing and administrative mechanisms were used to attain national security objectives. However, in the period 1976-85 the effectiveness of priority protection diminished and defence institutions experienced more of the problems typical of the shortage economic system. The heavy defence burden also created growing difficulties for the civilian economy. The attempts by the Gorbachev government to reform the defence sector and improve defence-economic relationships during perestroika (1985-91) uniformly failed. For most of the transition period, the Russian military-industrial complex has been adversely affected by its low priority status, cuts in defence spending, instability of the hybrid politico-economic system, and negative growth of the economy. The armed forces and defence industry have been reduced in size and their outputs of military services and equipment have fallen to low levels. Nevertheless, the Russian armed forces still have over one million troops, significant stocks of sophisticated conventional weapons, and a large nuclear arsenal. The government of President Putin has raised the priority of the defence sector, increased real defence spending, and adopted ambitious plans to revive Russian military power. It is likely, though, that tight resource constraints will hamper efforts to reform the armed forces and to upgrade weapons. By 2010 Russia will be an important, but not dominant, military power in Eurasia.     

Traffickers,terrorists, and a ‘new security challenge’: Russian counternarcotics strategy and the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade

The collapse of the Soviet Union precipitated the massive expansion of drug use and trade in Russia. The country now has one of the largest populations of injecting drug users in the world and has become the largest single-country market for Afghan heroin. In 2003 the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade was created to coordinate a comprehensive counternarcotics strategy appropriate to the scale of this threat. The service continues to face a number of challenges in its early stages of development. However, it has made considerable advances in improving responses to large-scale organised crime and in building international cooperation.