高速微粒轰击45钢表面纳米化过程中铁素体相晶粒细化过程分析

利用高速微粒轰击技术在45钢表面制备了纳米晶,利用透射电镜（TEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）等分析技术对距表面不同深度的微观结构进行分析,研究铁素体相晶粒细化过程。结果显示：随着距表面距离的减小结构尺寸逐渐减小,在最表面形成了纳米晶层,平均晶粒尺寸约为15 nm。通过不同尺寸位错胞的逐步形成,以及位错墙不断向晶界演化,晶粒被细化为细小的纳米晶。     

预压力滚压表面纳米化技术原理及应用

针对装备零部件表面疲劳失效的问题,开发了一种能够在堆焊修复层表面制备纳米晶粒的预压力滚压技术,分析了该技术的设备特点和基本工作原理,利用场发射扫描电镜、高分辨透射电镜和纳米压痕仪对堆焊层表面纳米晶层微观结构及力学性能进行了分析。结果表明:滚压加工后,零件表面形成明显的塑性变形层,其中严重塑性变形层厚度约为15μm;最表层形成了细化均匀的纳米晶层,平均晶粒尺寸约为10 nm;表面硬度提高了3倍。该技术能够有效地细化表面晶粒,达到优化金属零件表面结构的目的。     

超音速微粒轰击表面纳米化设备研制

超音速微粒轰击是材料表面纳米化的重要手段,性能优异的专用设备是实现这一工艺的前提。为此,采用数值模拟分析的方法研制了超音速微粒轰击喷枪,在距喷枪出口50mm处获得了平均约320m/s的轰击粒子速度;在对机器人选型和控制系统设计的基础上,集成了超音速微粒轰击表面纳米化设备;应用该设备实现了对38CrSi中碳钢的表面纳米化处理,验证了研制设备的性能。     

喷丸强化对18Cr2Ni4WA渗碳钢性能的影响

采用强力喷丸工艺对渗碳18Cr2Ni4WA钢试样进行了表面喷丸强化处理。利用Nano Test 600纳米测试仪、2903X射线应力仪和TR200表面粗糙度仪，分别测试分析了试样处理前后的显微硬度、残余应力和表面粗糙度，并在JP-52接触疲劳试验机上考察了喷丸强化处理对渗碳18Cr2Ni4WA钢接触疲劳性能的影响。试验结果表明：渗碳试样经强力喷丸后，在0～0．50mm深的表层内形成一个喷丸硬化层，显微硬度提高了约1．1GPa；最大残余压应力由-478 MPa提高到-760 MPa；表面粗糙度由1．255μm降为0．979μm。接触疲劳特征寿命以与中值寿命L50均提高了2倍多，额定寿命L10提高了1倍多。     

先驱体转化致密SiC纳米复合材料的制备及其热电性能

以聚碳硅烷和锑改性聚硅烷为先驱体,利用先驱体转化SiC材料的富余自由碳高温石墨化的微观结构演变特点,采用热压烧结、先驱体浸渍—裂解法以及退火工艺制备出先驱体转化SiC纳米复合材料。采用SEM、TEM、XRD和Raman等测试手段表征和分析了相组成和微观结构,讨论了样品的热导率、电导率和塞贝克系数等热电参数随温度变化关系。研究表明,所得致密SiC纳米复合材料为n型热电材料。由于纳米石墨的作用,材料热导率抑制在4–8W/(m?K)范围。1600°C退火处理能够降低热导率,同时提高电导率和塞贝克系数绝对值,使先驱体转化法得到的SiC纳米复合材料无量纲热电优值ZT达到0.0028（650°C）,高于其他已报道的致密SiC/C复合材料和纳米复合材料体系。     

电力机车主传动齿轮轴油孔孔角超声冲击强化处理

针对电力机车齿轮轴油孔处萌生疲劳裂纹的问题,提出了超声冲击强化与表面抛磨复合处理齿轮轴油孔孔角的方法,并研究了处理前后齿轮轴表面完整性、组织、硬度及残余应力变化情况。结果表明:处理后的齿轮轴孔角处产生了倒角,去除了表面加工纹理,表面粗糙度降低了52.7%,表面完整性得以提高;齿轮轴孔角附近材料产生了明显的加工硬化,表层显微硬度提高了44.8%,形成了约80μm厚的超细晶和纳米晶层,并引入了较大的残余应力。表面完整性、细晶强化作用和残余应力等方面联合作用将改善齿轮轴的抗疲劳性能。     

先驱体转化致密碳化硅纳米复合材料的制备及其热电性能

以聚碳硅烷和锑改性聚硅烷为先驱体,利用先驱体转化Si C材料的富余自由碳高温石墨化的微观结构演变特点,采用热压烧结、先驱体浸渍-裂解法以及退火工艺制备出先驱体转化Si C纳米复合材料。采用SEM、TEM、XRD和Raman等测试手段表征和分析了相组成和微观结构,讨论了样品的热导率、电导率和塞贝克系数等热电参数随温度变化关系。研究表明,所得致密Si C纳米复合材料为n型热电材料。由于纳米石墨的作用,材料热导率抑制在4~8W/(m·K)范围。1600℃退火处理能够降低热导率,同时提高电导率和塞贝克系数绝对值,使先驱体转化法得到的Si C纳米复合材料无量纲热电优值ZT达到0.0028(650℃),高于其他已报道的致密Si C/C复合材料和纳米复合材料体系。     

纳米复合材料在军用食品包装中的应用

纳米复合材料是指用晶粒尺寸为纳米量级的单晶体或多晶体与其他包装材料复合制成的材料。利用纳米复合材料制成的包装具有质地薄、重量轻、强度高、抗氧化、防潮及经济等特点,因而在军用食品包装中具有广阔应用前景。     

疏水性纳米TiO2制备及其在菜籽油中的摩擦磨损性能

以纳米TiO2为原料、硬脂酸为表面改性剂,通过超声反应制备了疏水性纳米TiO2（SA-TiO2）;采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、红外光谱仪及接触角测量仪对其微结构进行了表征。以SA-TiO2为润滑油添加剂,在四球试验机上考察了其在菜籽油中的摩擦磨损性能,并利用SEM观察钢球表面磨斑形貌,用能谱仪（EDS）和X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）分析了钢球表面磨斑的化学成分。结果表明：SA-TiO2为疏水性单分散球状颗粒,其平均直径约为20 nm;SA-TiO2能够提高菜籽油的抗磨减摩性能,当SA-TiO2的质量分数为1%,菜籽油的抗磨减摩性能达到最佳;钢球表面磨斑的EDS和XPS分析表明,纳米微粒在钢球摩擦表面形成了一层含菜籽油和SA-TiO2的吸附膜,在摩擦剪切作用下,发生摩擦化学反应生成了一层含钛、铁氧化物的边界润滑膜,这种边界润滑膜起到了良好的润滑作用。     

石墨烯微片尺寸对石墨烯纸热导率的影响

石墨烯热导率远高于传统金属薄膜等导热材料,可用作热扩散材料。石墨烯纸由石墨烯微片组装而成,石墨烯微片尺寸大小对其组装方式微观结构以及宏观导热性能等具有重要影响。采用溶液过滤自组装方法制备了分散均匀的氧化石墨烯纸,然后在Ar/H2气氛下对氧化石墨烯纸进行热还原处理,得到了石墨烯纸。结果表明,大尺寸石墨烯微片组成的石墨烯纸结构更加致密、结晶度更高;0.5μm~3μm和50μm~100μm的氧化石墨烯所制备的石墨烯纸的热导率分别为632.8 W/m K和683.7 W/m K,大尺寸石墨烯微片组成的石墨烯纸热导率提高了8%。     

Consequence of reinforced SiC particles and post process artificial ageing on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir processed AA7075

Friction stir processing and post process artificial ageing was successfully carried out on AA7075 with and without reinforcement of SiC particles producing defect free processed zone with uniform distribution of filler material. Effect of SiC particle reinforcement and artificial ageing times on the microstructural modifications was characterized using optical and electron microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction and X-Ray diffraction. Hardness, impact and wear tests were carried out to investigate mechanical behaviour before and after processing. Reinforcement of SiC particles during FSP and subsequent age hardening treatment brought about nearly twofold increase in hardness and impact toughness values by the combined effect of grain refinement, Zener pinning, dispersion strengthening and precipitation hardening. Significant improvement in wear resistance in terms of wear loss was also observed after processing compared to the reference material AA7075-T6. Fractured surface of post FSP age hardened AA7075 alloy exhibited features of ductile fracture during Charpy impact test.     

几种坦克用钢氮离子注入强化试验

对10、38CrSi、20Cr2Ni4A等坦克用钢的氮离子注入强化进行了试验。结果表明:注入后的试样,硬度和相对耐磨性都有不同程度的提高。硬度的测试结果与试验载荷有关。     

剖分T型钢轴心压杆的弯扭屈曲

《钢结构设计规范》（GB50017—2003）认为单轴对称的T型钢轴心压杆绕对称轴的稳定性是弯扭失稳问题。本次试验发现，剖分T型钢轴压杆有必要做弯扭屈曲验算，计算方法采用换算长系比法。     

Surface modification of ammonium nitrate by coating with surfactant materials to reduce hygroscopicity

Ammonium nitrate (AN) is promising oxidizer in green propellants. In this work, the physical coating method was improved to modify the surface of ammonium nitrate particles with different surfactant materials to reduce hygroscopicity. Cetylalcohol, stearic acid, stearyl alcohol, palmic acid, lauric acid, stearsmide, tetradecylamine, dodecylamine, and tetradecanol were used as coating surfactant agents. The hygroscopicity was tested for ammonium nitrate with and without coating. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the surface of coated and uncoated ammonium nitrate. The mass ratio of coating layer and decline of absorption rate of ammonium nitrate coated by cetylalcohol were 1.00%, and 28.40%, respectively. The results indicate that coating with cetylalcohol surfactant have advantages over the other surfactants in term of low mass ratio of coating layer, and high decline of moisture absorption rate. Thus, cetylalcohol would be a promising coating surfactant material for ammonium nitrate. The idea and approach presented in this study have potential to made hydrophobic layer on the surface of particles to reduce hygroscopicity of AN, and also help the researcher to improving anti-hygroscopicity of ammonium salts.     

Ablation characteristics of insulator under high-temperature gas dual-pulse erosion

This study numerically simulated and investigated the flow field characteristics of a typical dual-pulse solid rocket motor with a soft pulse separation device through thermal insulation ablation under high-temperature dual-pulse erosion. The ablation rate of ethylene -propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) insulator was measured after the experiment. Experimental results were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy and microcomputed tomography. The ablation mechanism of the EPDM insulator under the operation conditions of a dual-pulse solid rocket motor was evaluated by analyzing the results. The results reveal that the internal flow field of the motor with a soft pulse separation device is uniform. The original charred layer existing on the EPDM insulator surface in the first pulse combustor is the decisive factor affecting the final ablation rate of the dual-pulse motor during the second pulse operation, and the ablation characteristic region is easily formed with the exfoliation of the charred layer. The ablation rate difference of the insulator increases with gas velocity.     

压电-正交基体复合半圆柱的界面端部开裂问题研究

建立了半圆柱形压电-正交基体复合材料界面端部开裂问题的力学模型,其中压电层为锆钛酸铅铁电陶瓷,基体为正交异性聚乙烯复合材料。综合利用位错模拟法、格林函数法和奇异积分方程法,对裂纹问题进行了理论分析。通过对应力强度因子进行数值求解和讨论,揭示了几何、物理参数对断裂行为的影响规律。从界面端部止裂的角度出发,找到了压电复合半圆柱的2种优化设计形式:一种是将"较软的内部基体"和"较硬的外部压电层"相结合;另一种是采用正交各向异性介电材料作为基体。另外,数值计算还表明:与剪切模量变化对应力强度因子的影响相比,压电系数和介电系数变化的影响至少要小2个数量级,因此后面二者对结构防断裂优化设计没有显著的实际意义。     

2A12铝合金焊接接头超声冲击处理前后拉伸性能分析

为克服铝合金薄板焊接接头强度偏低、韧性不足的缺点,用ER5356焊丝对不同厚度的2A12铝合金板材进行了手工氩弧焊接,并采用超声冲击处理对焊接接头进行全覆盖强化处理。采用金相显微镜观察了处理和未处理焊接接头的显微组织结构,对接头的力学性能进行了测试分析,分析了超声冲击处理改善2A12铝合金焊接接头力学性能的机理。结果表明：铝合金焊接接头经超声冲击强化处理后,6 mm和4 mm厚板材对接接头的抗拉强度分别提高了17.4%和23.7%,延伸率分别提高了28%和44%,焊缝表层组织得到明显细化。分析认为：晶粒大幅细化、组织致密化和缺陷减少,是超声冲击处理改善铝合金焊接接头抗拉伸性能的主要原因。