平流层飞艇合成孔径雷达成像优化策略

平流层飞艇具有驻空高度高且时间久、覆盖范围广、使用效费比高等特点,在侦察监视等领域应用前景广阔。结合平流层飞艇平台特性,分析平流层飞艇合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)与机载SAR的异同;针对平流层飞艇SAR的脉冲重复频率冗余及大振幅低频率运动误差,提出优化方案,并开展仿真分析验证。仿真结果表明所提优化运动补偿方法能够有效消除平流层飞艇运动误差影响。     

结合平流层飞艇姿态的太阳辐射强度分布

平流层飞艇上表面太阳辐射强度的分布是影响光伏阵列输出性能的重要因素。为分析平流层飞艇飞行姿态对其上表面太阳辐射强度分布特征的影响,并建立飞艇动力学模型与太阳辐射物理模型交互耦合的计算模型。使用该模型对算例飞艇进行计算分析,量化得出飞艇偏航角和俯仰角耦合变化对飞艇表面太阳辐射强度分布影响的结果,并比较分析了太阳辐射强度受飞艇飞行姿态影响的特性。研究结果可用于指导太阳能电池阵在平流层飞艇上的优化布局和阵列构型。     

风场中平流层飞艇轨迹跟踪的滑模控制方法

为实现平流层飞艇驻空阶段可控飞行，研究环境风场中横侧向轨迹跟踪的滑模控制方法。建立平流层飞艇驻空阶段动力学模型，将动力学方程解耦为纵向运动方程和横侧向运动方程，采用小扰动方法对动力学方程进行线性化；利用滑模控制对外部干扰强鲁棒的特性，设计横侧向轨迹跟踪的滑模控制器；以直线与圆组成的复合轨迹跟踪控制为例，对提出的轨迹控制方法进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明，所提基于滑模的轨迹跟踪控制方法鲁棒性好，在一定范围的风场扰动条件下，可以实现对指令轨迹的有效跟踪控制，响应特性好。     

运用粒子群优化算法的平流层飞艇总体设计

平流层飞艇总重最小化能一定程度上反映总费用最低的设计目标,满足有效载荷功率需求是飞艇总体设计的出发点和落脚点。在飞艇参数建模中引入太阳电池曲面铺装模型以及昼夜能源闭环模型;以整艇重量最小为设计目标,以昼夜能源供需平衡、浮重平衡、推阻平衡三大平衡问题为约束条件,运用粒子群优化算法对飞艇的外形尺寸参数进行优化设计;分析了有效载荷功率需求和功率密度对于飞艇总体设计结果的敏感性。分析结果表明:飞艇总重随有效载荷功率线性增加;飞艇总重随有效载荷功率密度增加而迅速减小,但变化率逐渐变小,飞艇总重趋于稳定。能源系统仿真的结果表明了飞艇总体设计方法的有效性和设计结果的临界特性。     

平流层飞艇强迫对流特性数值仿真分析

强迫对流换热特性对平流层飞艇热状态有重要影响。以平流层飞艇流线型封闭囊体为研究对象,基于囊体内部纯导热传热的假设,采用计算流体力学方法建立平流层飞艇外部流场三维数值模型,对飞艇外部强迫对流换热特性进行仿真分析,得到了不同太阳照射角度、风速和攻角条件下的飞艇表面温度分布和内部平均温度变化规律,为平流层飞艇热状态预测和热控设计提供参考依据。     

基于粒子群优化算法的平流层飞艇总体设计

平流层飞艇总重最小化能一定程度上反映总费用最低的设计目标,满足有效载荷功率需求是飞艇总体设计的出发点和落脚点。本文在飞艇参数建模中引入了太阳电池曲面铺装模型以及昼夜能源闭环模型;以整艇重量最小为设计目标,以昼夜能源供需平衡、浮重平衡、推阻平衡三大平衡问题为约束条件,运用粒子群优化（PSO）算法对飞艇的外形尺寸参数进行优化设计;分析了有效载荷功率需求和功率密度对于飞艇总体设计结果的敏感性。分析结果表明：（1）飞艇总重随有效载荷功率线性增加;（2）飞艇总重随有效载荷功率密度增加而迅速减小,但变化率逐渐变小,飞艇总重趋于稳定。最后,能源系统仿真的结果表明了飞艇总体设计方法的有效性和设计结果的临界特性。     

基于路径跟踪的平流层飞艇柔性编队控制

建立平流层飞艇驻空阶段动力学模型,在定高飞行前提下,采用小扰动方法对动力学方程进行线性化处理。提出采用路径跟踪的平流层飞艇柔性领航-跟随编队控制方法,领航者和跟随者通过速度控制与航向控制,分别跟踪保持特定距离的参考路径,实现编队的柔性控制。以采用直线路径跟踪和采用圆路径跟踪的三平流层飞艇编队控制为例,对提出的柔性编队控制方法进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明:提出的路径跟踪方法控制精度高,提出的柔性编队控制方法可以实现编队稳定运行,避免编队成员碰撞现象的发生。     

一种打击平流层飞艇的方法研究*

平流层飞艇可作为临近空间攻防双方重要的武器平台，研究如何对其实施打击具有重要理论及现实意义。现有研究证明由于囊体内外压差极小，通过打击飞艇囊体使其升力气体泄漏从而达到打击目的的方法时效性太差，因此在建立平流层飞艇接收太阳能模型及毁伤薄膜电池模型基础上，分析了太阳能薄膜电池毁伤面积变化与飞艇作战能力之间的关系，并采用蒙特卡洛方法研究了导弹突防阶段雷达探测概率、导弹拦截概率和击中目标时导弹毁伤半径对薄膜电池相对毁伤面积的影响。仿真结果表明，将防御方雷达探测概率和导弹拦截概率控制在0.5并将导弹有效毁伤半径提高到50.0m能较好达成打击平流层飞艇的目的，3枚导弹就可使700m长飞艇在较短时间内丧失作战能力，通过毁伤飞艇太阳能电池来达到打击平流层飞艇目的的方法可行。     

临近空间大型柔性充气囊体结构特性分析

以临近空间平流层飞艇柔性充气囊体为研究对象,根据充气结构设计理论对充气囊体结构的最小压差和应力进行计算,建立平流层飞艇充气囊体结构有限元模型。在模型验证的基础上,采用非线性有限元方法对平流层飞艇充气囊体结构特性进行仿真分析,得到了囊体结构在不同压差和吊舱载荷作用下应力和变形分布及变化规律,并分析了结构加强配置对囊体应力和变形的影响,为平流层飞艇结构设计提供技术支撑和参考依据。     

临近空间大型柔性充气囊体结构特性分析*(专题约稿)

以临近空间平流层飞艇柔性充气囊体为研究对象,根据充气结构设计理论对充气囊体结构的最小压差和应力进行计算,建立平流层飞艇充气囊体结构有限元模型,在模型验证的基础上,采用非线性有限元方法对平流层飞艇充气囊体结构特性进行仿真分析,得到了囊体结构在不同压差和吊舱载荷作用下应力和变形分布及变化规律,并分析了结构加强配置对囊体应力和变形的影响,为平流层飞艇结构设计提供技术支撑和参考依据。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

Country survey XVI the defence sector in the economy of a declining superpower: Soviet Union and Russia, 1965-2001

The Soviet Union was able to develop a large military-industrial complex and become the world's second superpower despite deficiencies in its centrally planned economy because defence was given high priority status and special planning, rationing and administrative mechanisms were used to attain national security objectives. However, in the period 1976-85 the effectiveness of priority protection diminished and defence institutions experienced more of the problems typical of the shortage economic system. The heavy defence burden also created growing difficulties for the civilian economy. The attempts by the Gorbachev government to reform the defence sector and improve defence-economic relationships during perestroika (1985-91) uniformly failed. For most of the transition period, the Russian military-industrial complex has been adversely affected by its low priority status, cuts in defence spending, instability of the hybrid politico-economic system, and negative growth of the economy. The armed forces and defence industry have been reduced in size and their outputs of military services and equipment have fallen to low levels. Nevertheless, the Russian armed forces still have over one million troops, significant stocks of sophisticated conventional weapons, and a large nuclear arsenal. The government of President Putin has raised the priority of the defence sector, increased real defence spending, and adopted ambitious plans to revive Russian military power. It is likely, though, that tight resource constraints will hamper efforts to reform the armed forces and to upgrade weapons. By 2010 Russia will be an important, but not dominant, military power in Eurasia.     

Traffickers,terrorists, and a ‘new security challenge’: Russian counternarcotics strategy and the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade

The collapse of the Soviet Union precipitated the massive expansion of drug use and trade in Russia. The country now has one of the largest populations of injecting drug users in the world and has become the largest single-country market for Afghan heroin. In 2003 the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade was created to coordinate a comprehensive counternarcotics strategy appropriate to the scale of this threat. The service continues to face a number of challenges in its early stages of development. However, it has made considerable advances in improving responses to large-scale organised crime and in building international cooperation.