复合材料修补金属裂损结构吸湿老化的试验与有限元分析

暴露在湿热环境中的复合材料修补金属裂损结构易吸湿老化,导致该结构性能下降,服役寿命缩短。为研究吸湿性对复合材料修补金属裂损结构修补效果和耐久性的影响,利用试验方法分析了吸湿性对复合材料胶补金属裂损结构及胶黏剂力学性能的影响;利用有限元方法评估了吸湿性对复合材料胶补金属裂损结构试验件修补效果和耐久性的影响。研究结果表明:吸湿后含穿透双边裂纹铝合金板玻璃纤维单面胶补试验件的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命和极限载荷的平均值分别下降为吸湿前的71%和90%;吸湿造成拉伸条件下复合材料胶补金属裂损结构胶层失效模式由内聚破坏为主转变为界面破坏为主;在"湿-热"老化30天后,E44/聚酰胺环氧树脂胶黏剂试验件吸水饱和,弹性模量下降为未老化前的40%,塑性应变超过了总应变的25%;有限元分析发现胶层损伤受吸湿影响明显,吸湿性加速了胶层损伤,且裂纹长度越长,加速作用越明显;同时吸湿使得裂纹尖端的J积分值急剧增大,导致修补结构的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命缩短,裂纹长度越长,吸湿性对于复合材料胶接修补效果的危害越严重。     

双向受载裂纹板的碳纤维复合材料补片的胶接修补分析

建立了碳纤维复合材料补片胶接修补双向受载裂纹板的3D有限元模型,分析了补片的单面胶接修补效果,探讨了补片材料、铺层顺序、补片长度及载荷比等对裂纹应力强度因子的影响规律。结果表明:复合材料补片的存在使裂纹板垂直裂纹方向载荷和平行裂纹板方向载荷发生耦合作用,从而影响补片修补效果。平行裂纹方向的压应力可降低裂纹尖端的应力集中因子,而拉应力可提高裂纹尖端的应力集中因子。     

含孔洞铜板复合材料修复疲劳寿命数值分析

用ANSYS有限元软件对复合材料修复含中心圆孔钢板的疲劳寿命进行了数值分析。研究了孔洞大小、补片长度、宽度和厚度对钢板疲劳寿命的影响;分析了复合材料胶接修补的效果,并对修复所用的复合材料补片的大小及厚度进行了优化设计。研究结果表明,利用复合材料胶接修补带中心圆孔的钢板可以使其疲劳性能提高1.6~18倍。修补时,增加补片宽度和厚度都可增加结构疲劳寿命;补片宽度为孔径8倍以上时,增加宽度对疲劳寿命影响不大;补片的长度为孔径的3~4倍时,修复效果最佳。     

复合材料修复带止裂孔裂纹钢板静强度实验

研究了碳纤维复合材料胶接修复损伤舰船钢结构的修复效果,利用CTM系列微机控制电子万能试验机及配套的引伸计自动绘制试件的拉力-应变和拉力-位移曲线图,通过力-变形曲线得到试样的名义屈服载荷、胶层脱胶开裂时的极限载荷和试样断裂时的断裂载荷。结果显示:利用复合材料补片胶接修补受损钢板能有效恢复结构的静强度和承载能力;修补后结构的屈服载荷和极限载荷有明显提高,且随着补片厚度的增加而增加,但修补结构的断裂载荷没有改变。     

含裂纹钢板复合材料修补疲劳寿命数值分析

用ANSYS有限元软件对复合材料修复含边裂纹、中心裂纹和切口的钢板的疲劳寿命进行了数值分析.研究了边裂纹、中心裂纹长度对钢板疲劳寿命的影响,分析了碳纤维增强复合材料对3种损伤钢板疲劳寿命的修复效果.计算结果显示,修补后结构件的疲劳寿命可延长3～50倍.     

超声激励条件下微裂纹生热的有限元分析及试验研究

为解决现行装甲装备裂纹检测手段效率低、输出结果不直观等问题,将超声红外热波检测技术引入装甲装备零部件缺陷鉴定环节。针对装甲板等平板类结构的厚度特点,建立了厚度9～13121m的含微裂纹铝合金平板试件有限元分析模型,通过不同厚度试件微裂纹生热及裂纹面相对运动频谱的对比,揭示了微裂纹生热机理及其与试件厚度之间的关系。最后,通过试验验证了采用有限元分析的可行性。     

内压作用下复合材料修复裂纹管道的失效分析

为准确评估在内压作用下纤维复合材料修复含裂纹管道的有效性及失效压力,建立复合材料修复后裂纹管道的失效数值模型。该数值模型通过扩展有限元法模拟管道裂纹的扩展,利用cohesive单元模拟胶层的脱粘失效,复合材料的失效通过最大应力失效准则进行判定。通过静水压爆裂试验对所提失效数值模型进行验证,实验结果与数值计算结果具有较好的一致性。失效数值分析结果表明:当内压增大至一定值后,未修复管道的初始裂纹沿轴向及壁厚方向逐渐扩展,进而使得管道内壁单元扩展成真实裂纹,此时真实裂纹贯穿整个壁厚方向,即认为裂纹管道发生爆裂失效,爆裂失效压力随初始裂纹半长呈指数形式下降。复合材料修复裂纹管道的不同修复工况呈现相同的失效模式:在单调递增的内压作用下,管道内表面首先出现黏结裂纹,而后其外表面裂纹张开趋势急剧上升,使得复合材料层应力急剧上升,达到极限强度而失效。且对于不同的初始裂纹尺寸,存在对应的复合材料缠绕层数临界值。     

双材料界面裂纹的加料有限元方法

为解决求解双材料界面裂纹应力强度因子等断裂参量的困难,在常规单元位移模式中引入界面裂纹尖端位移场,构建加料界面裂纹单元和过渡单元的位移模式,推出了加料有限元方程。采用不同的加料单元和过渡单元配置方案,建立了方形板中心界面裂纹和矩形板单边斜界面裂纹的加料有限元模型,求解有限元方程直接得到应力强度因子,与解析解的结果对比,表明该方法具有较高的精度,可方便地推广应用于界面裂纹的计算分析中。     

激光熔覆搭接过程残余应力应变的有限元计算

激光熔覆过程中产生的残余应力与应变对熔覆层的裂纹开裂倾向有重要影响。利用有限元法对激光多道搭接过程熔覆层的残余应力和应变进行计算,计算过程中主要考虑瞬时温度变化引起的热应力、σ-ε曲线、有限元网格、力学边界条件4个方面。热应力主要在温度场计算结果的基础上求得;σ-ε曲线采用的是线性强化材料的弹塑性曲线;有限元网格主要采用分区划分的形式进行。通过计算,得到了搭接后的熔覆层上关键点的残余应力和应变分别为1 400 MPa和2.2×10^-2。结果表明：搭接熔覆层交界处的点产生焊趾裂纹的倾向最大,第1道熔覆顶点处产生横向裂纹的倾向次之。     

橡胶-钢粘接界面断裂问题非线性有限元分析

为解决橡胶-钢粘接界面断裂非线性有限元计算问题,建立了含初始裂纹的橡胶-钢粘接复合结构有限元模型;用张开位移作为裂纹开裂的判定参数并模拟了裂纹的扩展,计算值与试验值的对比证明了该方法的可行性;计算了开裂前粘接界面的层间应力,分析了开裂前裂纹前沿和沿裂纹扩展方向的层间应力变化情况;用断裂力学中的柔度法计算橡胶-钢复合结构的能量释放率,计算并分析了能量释放率沿裂纹扩展方向的变化情况,并与实验结果进行了对比验证,结果证明:该方法是可行的。     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

Country survey XVI the defence sector in the economy of a declining superpower: Soviet Union and Russia, 1965-2001

The Soviet Union was able to develop a large military-industrial complex and become the world's second superpower despite deficiencies in its centrally planned economy because defence was given high priority status and special planning, rationing and administrative mechanisms were used to attain national security objectives. However, in the period 1976-85 the effectiveness of priority protection diminished and defence institutions experienced more of the problems typical of the shortage economic system. The heavy defence burden also created growing difficulties for the civilian economy. The attempts by the Gorbachev government to reform the defence sector and improve defence-economic relationships during perestroika (1985-91) uniformly failed. For most of the transition period, the Russian military-industrial complex has been adversely affected by its low priority status, cuts in defence spending, instability of the hybrid politico-economic system, and negative growth of the economy. The armed forces and defence industry have been reduced in size and their outputs of military services and equipment have fallen to low levels. Nevertheless, the Russian armed forces still have over one million troops, significant stocks of sophisticated conventional weapons, and a large nuclear arsenal. The government of President Putin has raised the priority of the defence sector, increased real defence spending, and adopted ambitious plans to revive Russian military power. It is likely, though, that tight resource constraints will hamper efforts to reform the armed forces and to upgrade weapons. By 2010 Russia will be an important, but not dominant, military power in Eurasia.     

Traffickers,terrorists, and a ‘new security challenge’: Russian counternarcotics strategy and the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade

The collapse of the Soviet Union precipitated the massive expansion of drug use and trade in Russia. The country now has one of the largest populations of injecting drug users in the world and has become the largest single-country market for Afghan heroin. In 2003 the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade was created to coordinate a comprehensive counternarcotics strategy appropriate to the scale of this threat. The service continues to face a number of challenges in its early stages of development. However, it has made considerable advances in improving responses to large-scale organised crime and in building international cooperation.