抑制潜艇螺旋桨旋转噪声的消涡整流新方法研究

潜艇螺旋桨工作在非均匀的潜艇尾流中,潜艇尾流的不均匀性直接与螺旋桨的旋转噪声相关。在分析潜艇主附体结合部马蹄涡对潜艇尾流不均匀性影响的基础上,设计了消涡整流片以削弱马蹄涡强度。结合数值计算方法计算了消涡整流片作用下的潜艇模型的流场和螺旋桨的旋转噪声。结果表明:消涡整流片可以较好地降低潜艇尾流的周向不均匀性、控制潜艇螺旋桨非定常力的变化幅度,并抑制螺旋桨的旋转噪声。在消涡整流片的作用下,螺旋桨所对应的1阶叶频声源级噪声值下降约4dB。     

泵喷宽带非定常激振力预报与参数分析

为预报泵喷推进器转子与湍流互作用宽频非定常激振力,在Sears函数的基础上,考虑随机湍流波的影响,推导了螺旋桨宽频非定常激振力预报公式,并与实验值对比验证了该公式。进一步考虑泵喷推进器转子工作在前导叶尾流场的情况,通过Gauss尾流模型建立叶片尾流湍流波数谱,通过经验公式计算叶片尾流场参数。推导得到泵喷推进器转子宽频非定常激振力预报公式,通过公式计算得到的宽频非定常激振力与数值计算结果相近。分析了流场参数的变化对推进器转子宽频辐射噪声预报结果的影响。研究得到,湍流强度只影响宽频非定常激振力预报结果的幅值,湍流积分尺度对幅值和频谱形状都有较大的影响。     

船用螺旋桨振动特性数值计算与分析

为了降低螺旋桨结构振动产生的水下辐射噪声,采用结构有限元耦合流体边界元的虚拟质量法,运用通用有限元软件MSC.NASTRAN计算了螺旋桨在空气中和水中的固有频率和振型,分析了流体与结构之间的相互作用对螺旋桨振动特性的影响。研究结果表明:虚拟质量法能够准确计算螺旋桨在水中的固有频率;螺旋桨在水中的固有频率要显著低于空气中的固有频率,且在水中的振动位移也比空气中小;无论在空气中还是水中,螺旋桨都存在三类基本的桨叶振型;螺旋桨在空气中和水中的振型存在差异,且随着频率的升高二者差异明显;对于不同阶桨叶振型,固有频率随模态阶数的变化显著,而对于同一阶桨叶振型,这种变化并不明显;对于同一阶桨叶振型而言,随着频率的升高,频率缩减比呈递增趋势,相应的附连水质量依次减小。     

基于面元法的潜艇螺旋桨低频线谱噪声预报方法

首先,用CFD方法计算得到潜艇尾部非均匀伴流场,并用面元法对非均匀流场中的螺旋桨非定常压力分布进行了计算,将潜艇伴流场的计算结果以及螺旋桨非定常力的计算结果与实验结果进行了比较,结果吻合较好;然后,将计算得到的压力分布时域信号输入到噪声积分方程中,计算出螺旋桨诱导的噪声声压,所得到伪噪声声压级与Seol的噪声声压级吻合很好。结果证明:该方法可真实考虑螺旋桨形状,对噪声源和观测点的距离没有作任何近似,计算速度快,为潜艇螺旋桨的噪声性能快速评估及优化提供了技术支撑。     

易变形船舶螺旋桨流固耦合特性分析

应用双向流固耦合方法,研究了桨叶变形对螺旋桨桨叶表面压力、周围流场及敞水性能的影响,分析了438X系列螺旋桨变形前、后桨叶表面的压力分布以及螺旋桨周围流场的变化,对比了桨叶变形前后的螺旋桨推力系数和扭矩系数。结果表明:桨叶的变形改变了桨叶表面的压力分布并引起螺旋桨周围流场的变化,桨叶变形前、后的推力系数最大相差9.3%,扭矩系数最大相差8.1%,桨叶变形引起的螺旋桨敞水性能的改变不可忽略,不同几何形状螺旋桨变形前、后敞水性能的变化也不尽相同。该研究结果可为新型易变形材料螺旋桨的性能预测、设计提供指导。     

影响桨毂帽鳍助推效率的主要参数

为了分析影响毂帽鳍的水动力性能的各种因素,采用计算流体力学软件对粘性流场中毂帽鳍的敞水性能进行了计算研究,模拟了某型毂帽鳍在不同参数和不同进速系数下的效率变化曲线。通过对计算结果的对比分析可以得出:毂帽鳍的半径最好不要大于螺旋桨直径的1/3,否则会产生过大的反向推力,造成附加推力的下降;毂帽鳍要处于合适的安装角度范围内,才能使得它对螺旋桨的综合效率最大;轴向位置也存在一个最佳值,过大则桨对毂帽鳍的诱导速度会随之降低,而过小桨叶和鳍片之间的干扰会造成扰流,导致效率的下降。同时,从整个桨的静平衡和回收效率考虑,选定鳍叶数和桨叶数相同较为合适。     

导管螺旋桨敞水性能的预报和比较

借助于计算流体力学软件,对导管螺旋桨的敞水性能进行了数值模拟,得到了在不同网格模型和湍流模型下导管螺旋桨的正车敞水性能曲线,通过与试验图谱的对比分析,发现Wilcoxk-ω模型更适合于导管螺旋桨的敞水性能计算,并且采用结构化网格和非结构化网格相结合的计算方法能够满足导管螺旋桨敞水性能预报的工程精度要求。同时,当网格中存在少量高度倾斜的网格单元时,在不影响计算收敛的情况下,仍能将计算误差控制在10%以内。此外,如果要获得更为精确的计算结果,应提高网格质量,尽量使用结构化网格,并将近壁面网格加密,合理控制壁面附近的Y+值。虽然网格数量的增加并不总是意味着计算误差的减少,但合理控制网格细密度能够获得更为可信的计算结果。     

长贮过程中发动机HTPB推进剂老化机理分析

为揭示固体推进剂在长期贮存过程中的老化机理,解剖了自然贮存19年贴壁浇注的端羟基聚丁二烯橡胶推进剂装药发动机,沿着药柱径向不同位置进行了取样,并采用扫描电镜、能量色散X射线光谱仪、红外吸收光谱、交联密度等多种手段对这些样品进行了测试分析。研究发现：贴壁浇注发动机药柱不同位置推进剂的老化程度不尽相同,越靠近非金属壳体位置,推进剂的老化程度越严重。进一步深入分析表明：除了丁羟胶中双键的氧化断链和端羟基的缩合等影响推进剂老化,铝粉氧化产生的铝离子会催化丁羟胶双键与氯气或水发生加成反应生成■双键和仲醇,而铝离子迁移和分布的不均匀会引起药柱老化的不均匀性。研究结果对推进剂配方设计和防老化措施的研究具有重要意义。     

螺旋桨激励水下艇体振动的试验及数值研究

为考虑螺旋桨真实激励特性,在循环水槽中开展艇尾伴流场中螺旋桨诱导艇尾脉动压力及螺旋桨激励水下艇体振动响应的测量试验。试验结果表明:脉动压力幅值在叶频处最大,且随螺旋桨负载增加而增大,随与螺旋桨之间距离的增大而减小,四叶桨脉动压力在尾翼后的高伴流区幅值较大,五叶桨则在尾翼之间的低伴流区幅值较大；大部分测点的振动响应幅值随螺旋桨负载增加而增大,但也存在叶频处幅值较小和未随负载增加而增大的情况；五叶桨激励引起的侧向振动较四叶桨有所增强而轴向振动有所减弱；特定谱峰频率处振动响应幅值呈一阶弯曲振型,其频率范围与有限元计算结果较为一致。综合采用计算流体动力学、有限元和模态叠加法建立螺旋桨激励水下艇体振动响应的数值计算方法,通过计算与试验结果的对比发现,该方法的计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,相比于采用单位简谐激励的谐响应分析方法更加接近真实情况。     

层流条件下传质过程对舰船电场的影响

为了使直流电流元模型仿真结果更加接近实际情况,首先建立了螺旋桨圆盘等效模型;然后,结合电化学及流体力学相关理论,从流动腐蚀角度对舰船在海水中的腐蚀电流密度进行分析,并基于Navier-Stokes方程得出了圆盘表面氧气的传质过程控制下的极限腐蚀电流强度,建立了腐蚀电流元模型求解三层介质中的静电场;最后,进行了实验验证。结果表明:螺旋桨转速的增加会导致静电场幅值增加,且电场幅值的变化与测量点及船壳破损的位置有关,实际腐蚀过程中边缘效应的影响不可忽略。     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

The UK,interrogation and Iraq, 2003–2008

The UK’s interrogation operations during the conflict in Iraq (2003–2008) are often portrayed by the media as involving significant amounts of mistreatment. This article demonstrates that these practices are not necessarily representative of the UK’s interrogation operations across this conflict. In doing so it contributes to the limited literature on the practice of interrogation and on the UK’s combat operations in Iraq. The UK’s interrogation capability, and therefore its intelligence-gathering capability, is shown to have rested primarily with the military’s Joint Forward Interrogation Team (JFIT). The JFIT suffered from limitations to the number, training and experience of its interrogators and interpreters. It is argued that maintaining a permanent, higher level of preparedness for interrogation by the British armed forces is desirable.     

Remembering and forgetting Mirambo: Histories of war in modern Africa

ABSTRACT

While the study of organised violence is considered essential to understanding the history of the West, and accordingly imbued with various layers of meaning and remembrance, war is widely regarded as inimical to the modern nation in Africa and stable development more broadly. Using examples drawn from primarily from East Africa, this paper considers the ways in which warfare in the deeper (‘precolonial’) past has been framed and envisioned in recent decades, in particular by governments whose own roots lie in revolutionary armed struggle and who began life as guerrilla movements. While in some cases particular elements of the deeper past were indeed mobilised in pursuit of contemporary political goals, in many other scenarios histories of precolonial violence were beheld as problematic and unworthy of remembrance. This paper highlights the paradox and ambiguity which has attended the memory of key aspects of Africa’s deeper past.