同轴环缝气流作用下锥形液膜线性稳定性分析

为了分析气液同轴离心式喷嘴的雾化机理，对同轴气体作用下的锥形液膜进行时间稳定性分析，推导同轴气体作用下锥形液膜的色散方程，建立离心式喷嘴出口参数预测模型，用于数值求解色散方程。结果表明：喷嘴出口液膜厚度随着喷注压降的增加而减小，喷雾锥角、液膜速度和轴向速度随着喷注压降的增加而增大。同轴气体作用下液膜由正弦模式的表面波主导，因为正弦模式的表面波增长率远大于曲张模式的表面波增长率。当环缝气体喷注速度较小时，增加气体速度会减小气液相对速度，从而减弱气液相互作用，使得液膜主导表面波增长率和频率减小、破碎时间和破碎长度增加。而当环缝气体速度超过一个临界值后，随着气体速度的增大，液膜主导表面波增长率和频率迅速增大，破碎时间和破碎长度迅速减小。     

气液比对液体中心式气液同轴离心喷嘴燃烧过程的影响

为了分析气液比对液体中心式气液同轴离心喷嘴燃烧过程的影响,针对一台采用液体中心式气液同轴离心喷嘴的燃气发生器在不同气液比下进行热试,并对试验结果进行深入分析。结果表明:随着气液比的增加,燃烧过程存在三种状态——稳定燃烧、稳定燃烧过渡到低频不稳定燃烧、低频不稳定燃烧。这种低频不稳定燃烧与供应系统的振荡无关,是由气液比增加造成三岔火焰远离喷注面板,当三岔火焰到达喷雾撞击点后火焰稳定性降低,使得火焰在回流区内前后振荡引起的。     

基于CFD的磁射流抛光去除机理分析

应用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法分析了一种新型精密抛光技术——磁射流抛光的材料去除机理。磁射流抛光中,含有磨料的磁流变液射流被喷嘴出口附近的局部外加纵向磁场磁化,产生准直的硬化射流束来进行相对远距离的精密抛光。介绍了磁射流抛光的原理和实验装置,分析了磁流变液聚束射流的形成,通过一系列定点抛光实验研究了磁射流抛光工艺的材料去除分布特征,利用计算流体动力学的方法分析了垂直冲击和倾斜冲击情况下,磁流变液射流与工件表面相互作用时径向流场功率密度的分布特征。实验结果和仿真计算结果表明:磁流变液射流在工件表面径向扩展流动产生的径向剪切作用导致了材料去除;CFD方法能模拟抛光区去除率的三维分布,因此可以准确地预测抛光区形状。     

超声速燃烧火焰放热区结构CH-PLIF成像技术

超燃冲压发动机是吸气式高超声速飞行器的关键部件之一，超燃冲压发动机燃烧室内火焰结构的研究对揭示超声速燃烧的稳焰机理具有重要意义。利用平面激光诱导荧光（Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence，PLIF）技术测量了超声速燃烧直连式试验台燃烧过程中重要自由基CH的二维分布，实现了超声速燃烧火焰放热区结构的可视化。在开敞空间的低速射流火焰炉中使用甲烷/空气预混火焰对CH-PLIF技术进行了初步验证和系统优化，再利用CH-PLIF技术在凹腔稳焰的超燃直连台上实现了超声速燃烧火焰放热区结构的二维可视化，并与OH-PLIF和CH自发辐射测量结果进行了对比。实验结果表明，在开敞空间的低速射流预混火焰中，火焰放热区会发生扭曲、褶皱和分裂等现象，随着雷诺数的增大，火焰锋面褶皱程度更加显著；在凹腔稳焰的超声速燃烧中，火焰放热区高度褶皱和破碎，放热区结构的厚度为0.5～6.5 mm，同时也存在放热区的分裂与剥离等现象。CH-PLIF技术能够以较高的空间分辨率更准确地呈现凹腔超声速火焰放热区的结构，其在凹腔稳焰的超声速燃烧诊断中具有重要的应用价值。     

运动流体介质和剪切层共同作用下平面近场声全息技术改进

传统的平面近场声全息将全息面置于射流内部。为了降低窗效应和卷绕误差对重建精度的不利影响,一般要求全息面尺寸为声源的2倍以上,而较大尺寸的传声器阵列放在射流内部会干扰射流的稳定。针对这一问题,提出将整个全息面置于射流外部的方法。根据经典的剪切层修正理论,首先分析声波由声源传播至全息面过程中路径和幅值的改变,继而推导出修正后的声场传播公式,最终建立起马赫数小于0.3的运动流体介质和剪切层共同作用下的平面近场声全息理论模型。数值仿真表明,改进后的平面近场声全息技术能够得到高分辨率的重建声场,对气动噪声源的定位精度较高,并且具备一定的抗干扰能力。     

外界环境和二次燃烧对喷管射流影响研究

为了研究外界环境变化以及二次燃烧现象对固体火箭发动机喷管射流流场结构的影响,采用四阶Runge-Kutta时间推进法及三阶MUSCL空间离散格式,建立了二维轴对称固体火箭发动机喷管燃气射流数值模型。在与文献结果对比验证的基础上,分析了不同海拔高度与马赫数以及二次燃烧现象对固体火箭发动机喷管自由射流结构的影响,获得了燃气射流马赫数场、温度场、组分云图分布以及轴线温度变化曲线。数值结果表明:随着海拔高度的升高,射流对外界的扰动区域变大,最大马赫数升高;随着外界气流马赫数的增加,燃气射流波节数减少,对外界环境的作用范围减小;另外,二次燃烧的发生会使得射流核心区域温度显著增加,激波与喷管轴线的交点位置向后推移。     

气态煤油超声速燃烧简化化学反应模型

为探究超燃冲压发动机燃烧室中煤油燃料燃烧的化学动力学过程，综合采用敏感性分析方法与路径分析方法，针对RP-3航空煤油三组分替代燃料的详细反应模型进行简化，建立一种适用于超声速燃烧流场数值模拟的新型26组分89反应简化燃烧反应模型。采用该简化燃烧模型对RP-3航空煤油替代燃料的点火、燃烧特性进行数值模拟，并与详细反应模型结果和试验数据进行对比校验。此外，将该简化燃烧模型与超声速燃烧流场计算方法相结合，数值分析了典型超燃冲压发动机燃烧室流场内化学动力学特性。研究结果表明：新型简化燃烧反应模型在不影响数值模拟精度的前提下，有效减少了反应组分与反应方程个数，提高了超声速复杂燃烧流场的数值模拟效率，并且能够准确获得烯烃、炔烃等重要中间燃烧产物以及小分子活性基团的空间分布规律，给出更全面的流场信息。     

管内高压气体冲击静态液柱的CFD模拟

为可视化内部流场,采用Fluent软件对警用脉冲防暴水炮炮管内高压气体冲击静态液柱的过程进行了三维数值模拟,得到了重力作用和无重力时的三维气液界面形状,分析了不同时刻管内的速度和压力变化情况,将压力模拟值与理论计算值进行了比较分析.从模拟结果可以看出,重力对于界面形状影响较大,液柱加速过程开始呈线性增加,当t>0.01...     

二维超声速空气引射器启动特性试验研究

超声速引射器是高空模拟试车台的重要组件,在发动机启动前利用引射器对试验舱预抽真空,可避免发动机启动初始时刻燃气漏入试验舱造成燃气在发动机中分离,对获取发动机在高空环境下的完整推力特性具有重要意义。而该工况下超声速引射器的启动过程是引射器工作过程中最为恶劣的工况,设计不合理的引射器会导致启动压力过高甚至不能实现启动。建立了缩比超声速空气引射器试验台对超声速引射器的启动特性进行研究,采用压力测量方法结合纹影技术对超声速引射器处于极限启动压比时的流场进行了描述,研究结果表明混合室收缩比越小,引射器极限启动压比越低。同时给出了定位超声速引射器不启动原因的判据:当引射器不启动是由引射总压不足引起时,盲腔压力在引射总压提高时降低,并在临界启动状态下达到最小值;而由混合室收缩比过小导致的引射器不启动在引射总压提高时盲腔压力单调上升。     

二维超声速空气引射器启动特性试验研究

（静）超声速引射器是高空模拟试车台的重要组件,在发动机启动前利用引射器对试验舱预抽真空可避免发动机启动初始时刻燃气漏入试验舱造成燃气在发动机中分离,对获取发动机在高空环境下的完整推力特性具有重要意义。而该工况下超声速引射器的启动过程是引射器工作过程中最为恶劣的工况,设计不合理的引射器会导致启动压力过高甚至不能实现启动。建立了缩比超声速空气引射器试验台对超声速引射器的启动特性进行研究,采用压力测量方法结合纹影技术对超声速引射器处于极限启动压比时的流场进行了描述,研究结果表明混合室收缩比越小,引射器极限启动压比越低。同时给出了定位超声速引射器不启动原因的判据：当引射器不启动是由引射总压不足引起时,盲腔压力在引射总压提高时降低,并在临界启动状态下达到最小值;而由混合室收缩比过小导致的引射器不启动在引射总压提高时盲腔压力单调上升。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

The UK,interrogation and Iraq, 2003–2008

The UK’s interrogation operations during the conflict in Iraq (2003–2008) are often portrayed by the media as involving significant amounts of mistreatment. This article demonstrates that these practices are not necessarily representative of the UK’s interrogation operations across this conflict. In doing so it contributes to the limited literature on the practice of interrogation and on the UK’s combat operations in Iraq. The UK’s interrogation capability, and therefore its intelligence-gathering capability, is shown to have rested primarily with the military’s Joint Forward Interrogation Team (JFIT). The JFIT suffered from limitations to the number, training and experience of its interrogators and interpreters. It is argued that maintaining a permanent, higher level of preparedness for interrogation by the British armed forces is desirable.     

Remembering and forgetting Mirambo: Histories of war in modern Africa

ABSTRACT

While the study of organised violence is considered essential to understanding the history of the West, and accordingly imbued with various layers of meaning and remembrance, war is widely regarded as inimical to the modern nation in Africa and stable development more broadly. Using examples drawn from primarily from East Africa, this paper considers the ways in which warfare in the deeper (‘precolonial’) past has been framed and envisioned in recent decades, in particular by governments whose own roots lie in revolutionary armed struggle and who began life as guerrilla movements. While in some cases particular elements of the deeper past were indeed mobilised in pursuit of contemporary political goals, in many other scenarios histories of precolonial violence were beheld as problematic and unworthy of remembrance. This paper highlights the paradox and ambiguity which has attended the memory of key aspects of Africa’s deeper past.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

SIM—LISP:一个通信网络管理专家系统外壳的设计与实现

本文介绍了笔者为开发名为OONMES的网络管理专家系统所实现的一个简单专家系统工具SIM-LISP。SIM-LISP是一个用C/C++语言来实现的模拟LISP语言的可调用函数集,它短小精巧,速度快,可以完成针对网管专家系统的事实或规则知识的表示、匹配、合一和推理等基本操作,并有与知识对象的连接功能,是网管专家系统内核实现的支撑环境。     

Al Qaida on the US invasion of Afghanistan in their own words

This article consists of selected translations from captured interviews and dairies of Al Qaida members. The time period covered is from mid-2001 to early 2002 and concerns their operations in Afghanistan. The material clearly conveys a range of emotion, from confident to despondent, as well as efforts to contest the US actions. The first several pages give the reader context and some possible “lessons learned,” but the story(ies) are best told by the Al Qaida members themselves. All names are pseudonyms.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.