基于磁导率法的零部件硬度电磁无损检测技术研究

传统的机械压痕法虽能测量火炮零部件的硬度,但对其表面有损害,且某些零部件工作面并不允许使用打点测量方式．为解决这一问题,基于硬度与材料磁导率之间的对应关系,设计了一种硬度电磁无损检测系统,采用DDS技术实现参数可控的正弦信号源,以满足磁导率测试所需的激励条件．为了提高检测灵敏度,利用交流电桥拾取由硬度变化引起的检测线圈和参考线圈电压差分信号,并进一步在调理电路中采用正交锁相放大技术对这一微弱信号进行放大和噪声抑制．硬度试验结果表明,该系统能以无损的检测方式有效地区分零部件的硬度值,为火炮定型试验中的硬度测量提供了新途径．     

T06筒身内孔φ127尺寸局部超差原因的分析

通过测量T06筒身φ127内孔尺寸,发现有10%的尺寸超差。经分析找到了造成筒身内孔尺寸超差的原因,并采取了相应的措施,取得了明显的效果。     

内表面间垂直度的高精度测量方法设计与误差分析

针对框体类零件超精密加工的难点问题--内表面问垂直度误差的高精度测量,提出了一种基于波面干涉技术测量的新方法,建立了垂直度测量系统,分析了各调整误差对测量结果的影响.该方法能够实现框体类零件内表面间垂直度误差的高精度测量与评价,并能得到误差的三维分布,测量结果可直接用于零件的确定性修形加工.实验表明,该方法可实现0.6"的综合测量精度.     

某型装甲车辆侧减速器被动齿轮齿部硬度分布规律研究

介绍了某型履带式装甲车辆侧减速器被动齿轮的功用、材料、常见故障与维修,详细叙述了被动齿轮的试件准备和硬度测量过程,对硬度测量结果进行了数据分析,并讨论了测量误差的产生原因.这些测量结果为被动齿轮的疲劳可靠性分析提供了基础数据.     

内可逆卡诺热泵的生态学优化性能

本文导出了内可逆卡诺热泵的供热量、供热率和供热系数的耗散量,以反映热泵供热率π与其耗散φ_cT_Lσ,即热泵熵产率σ、低温热源温度T_L和可逆供热系数φ_c乘积之间最佳折衷的“生态学”性能E=π-φ_cT_Lσ为目标,基于牛顿和线性唯象传热定律,研究内可逆卡诺热泵的优化问题,得到最大E性能时的供热系数界限及相应的供热率和熵产率。     

电力机车主传动齿轮轴油孔孔角超声冲击强化处理

针对电力机车齿轮轴油孔处萌生疲劳裂纹的问题,提出了超声冲击强化与表面抛磨复合处理齿轮轴油孔孔角的方法,并研究了处理前后齿轮轴表面完整性、组织、硬度及残余应力变化情况。结果表明:处理后的齿轮轴孔角处产生了倒角,去除了表面加工纹理,表面粗糙度降低了52.7%,表面完整性得以提高;齿轮轴孔角附近材料产生了明显的加工硬化,表层显微硬度提高了44.8%,形成了约80μm厚的超细晶和纳米晶层,并引入了较大的残余应力。表面完整性、细晶强化作用和残余应力等方面联合作用将改善齿轮轴的抗疲劳性能。     

工作电压对喷射电沉积Ni镀层形貌及性能的影响

采用喷射电沉积技术制备了Ni镀层。研究了工作电压对电流特性、镀层表面形貌、显微硬度和摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明：随着工作电压的升高,平均电流密度逐渐增大,镀层的显微硬度和耐磨性逐渐增强,镀层表面的平整度和减摩效果下降。     

高能微脉冲表面强化修复45CrNiMoVA传动轴性能试验研究

针对某大型船用传动轴工作轴颈表面产生腐蚀坑的问题,采用高能微脉冲表面强化修复技术对试验样轴进行修复。通过拉伸试验筛选了焊丝,采用光学显微镜和显微硬度计分析了修复层的显微组织和硬度,研究了扭转条件下修复层与基体的结合强度。结果表明:Ni-818焊丝修复层与基体的结合强度高,抗拉强度为557MPa;修复层显微组织均匀、致密,硬度差异小;当扭矩为200N.m,且表面最大剪应力为438MPa时,修复层和基体之间结合良好。由此得出结论:采用高能微脉冲表面强化修复技术,使用Ni-818焊丝可实现对45CrNiMoVA传动轴的表面强化修复。     

通信用复铜导线的开发研究

本文介绍了设备研制、工艺研究、镀液性能及工化生产情况.对φ1.0mm铜包钢裸线及SYKV—75—5同轴电缆(铜色钢内导体)的性能进行了测试,测试结果全部合格.     

喷丸强化对18Cr2Ni4WA渗碳钢性能的影响

采用强力喷丸工艺对渗碳18Cr2Ni4WA钢试样进行了表面喷丸强化处理。利用Nano Test 600纳米测试仪、2903X射线应力仪和TR200表面粗糙度仪，分别测试分析了试样处理前后的显微硬度、残余应力和表面粗糙度，并在JP-52接触疲劳试验机上考察了喷丸强化处理对渗碳18Cr2Ni4WA钢接触疲劳性能的影响。试验结果表明：渗碳试样经强力喷丸后，在0～0．50mm深的表层内形成一个喷丸硬化层，显微硬度提高了约1．1GPa；最大残余压应力由-478 MPa提高到-760 MPa；表面粗糙度由1．255μm降为0．979μm。接触疲劳特征寿命以与中值寿命L50均提高了2倍多，额定寿命L10提高了1倍多。     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

Country survey XVI the defence sector in the economy of a declining superpower: Soviet Union and Russia, 1965-2001

The Soviet Union was able to develop a large military-industrial complex and become the world's second superpower despite deficiencies in its centrally planned economy because defence was given high priority status and special planning, rationing and administrative mechanisms were used to attain national security objectives. However, in the period 1976-85 the effectiveness of priority protection diminished and defence institutions experienced more of the problems typical of the shortage economic system. The heavy defence burden also created growing difficulties for the civilian economy. The attempts by the Gorbachev government to reform the defence sector and improve defence-economic relationships during perestroika (1985-91) uniformly failed. For most of the transition period, the Russian military-industrial complex has been adversely affected by its low priority status, cuts in defence spending, instability of the hybrid politico-economic system, and negative growth of the economy. The armed forces and defence industry have been reduced in size and their outputs of military services and equipment have fallen to low levels. Nevertheless, the Russian armed forces still have over one million troops, significant stocks of sophisticated conventional weapons, and a large nuclear arsenal. The government of President Putin has raised the priority of the defence sector, increased real defence spending, and adopted ambitious plans to revive Russian military power. It is likely, though, that tight resource constraints will hamper efforts to reform the armed forces and to upgrade weapons. By 2010 Russia will be an important, but not dominant, military power in Eurasia.     

Traffickers,terrorists, and a ‘new security challenge’: Russian counternarcotics strategy and the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade

The collapse of the Soviet Union precipitated the massive expansion of drug use and trade in Russia. The country now has one of the largest populations of injecting drug users in the world and has become the largest single-country market for Afghan heroin. In 2003 the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade was created to coordinate a comprehensive counternarcotics strategy appropriate to the scale of this threat. The service continues to face a number of challenges in its early stages of development. However, it has made considerable advances in improving responses to large-scale organised crime and in building international cooperation.