超急速爆发沸腾研究的新实验方法

在总结分析前人实验方法的优缺点基础上 ,在国内首次建成了超急速爆发实验台 ,其特点如下 :加热和测温信号互不干扰 ,温度测量频响快、精度高 ,且避免了测量滞后 ,温度测量动态响应时间小于 1μs ;采用高压电火花放电技术 ,高速照相速度快 ;采用了汽泡轮廓清晰并可以研究整个过程以及光源强度要求低的侧照方式 .照相最高放大倍数可达 10 0倍 ,研究范围为 1～ 90 0 μs .     

短脉冲激光作用下丙酮液池的沸腾研究

采用短脉冲激光加热浸没在丙酮液体里的铂金属薄膜的实验方法并结合数值模拟计算 ,研究了高温升率条件下丙酮液体温度场随时间的变化规律及汽泡行为 ,得出了丙酮液池温度边界层的数量级大约为 4 0～ 70μm,确定了铂镀层表面的反射损失 ,认为薄汽膜的形成和热边界层外移 ,是激光脉冲过后很长一段时间内汽泡依然长大的主要原因     

超急速温升下丙酮液池的温度场计算

通过实验和数值模拟计算 ,研究了瞬时、强热流极端条件下铂薄膜表面覆盖和不覆盖细小金属颗粒时丙酮液体和金属颗粒温度场分布及其变化规律 .确定了温升速率、温度梯度和温度边界层厚度 ,发现了常规沸腾难以解释的现象 ,并指出覆盖金属颗粒后虽然沸腾极为激烈 ,但难以达到极高的温升速率 ,而不覆盖金属颗粒却容易产生爆发沸腾     

爆炸沸腾研究进展

分析讨论了液体过热极限、汽泡内压力等爆炸沸腾的重要参数 ,综述了三种主要实验方法 ,提出了有待进一步研究的问题 .     

实验研究光谱非相关激光辐照下光伏型HgCdTe探测器芯片前后表面的温升

为了研究光谱非相关激光辐照下探测器芯片前后表面温度变化规律,通过铂电阻测温的方法,测量了芯片后表面的温度变化规律。通过标定芯片前表面结电场分离电子-空穴对能力随温度变化的关系,利用组合激光的实验方法测量了光谱非相关激光辐照过程中芯片前表面的温度变化规律。研究表明,光谱非相关激光辐照过程中芯片前后表面都有温升,但后表面温度一直高于前表面温度。     

基于激光等离子体实验数据重建三维温度场的方法研究

利用加载窄带滤光片的高速相机拍摄激光等离子体灰度照片,基于Radon逆变换将等离子体面辐射强度图像重建为体辐射强度图像。在局部热力学平衡近似下,利用相对谱线强度法对激光等离子体温度进行了计算,得到激光等离子体三维温度场,采用文献报道光谱法实测等离子体局部温度,与等离子体三维温度场可视化结果进行比较,并对温度空间分布特性进行了解释,结果表明:激光等离子体温度场三维重建是合理的。     

固体热容激光器温度场应力场分析

采用有限元分析方法,对Nd:YAG作为激活介质的固体热容激光器的温度场及应力场进行了研究.结果表明固体热容激光器的温度场、应力场与常规的固体激光器有很大的差异,常规的固体激光器激活介质必须在泵浦的同时进行冷却,晶体表面温度比中心温度低,晶体表面受到的是张应力.固体热容激光器发射激光时,激活介质处于绝热状态.激活介质表面的温度要比中心高,激活介质表面出现的是压应力.这种差异是固体热容激光器可以高功率运转的物理机制.     

表面小缺口损伤的超声深滚抗疲劳强化处理

为研究超声深滚处理技术(Ultrasonic Deep Rolling,UDR)对零件表面损伤的抗疲劳修复与强化作用,制备了Ti-6Al-4V缺口疲劳试件,采用UDR技术对缺口疲劳试件进行了深滚强化处理。通过疲劳试验对比了深滚处理前后的缺口试件的抗疲劳性能。采用体视显微镜对疲劳断口和深滚处理后缺口附近的塑性变形进行了观察分析,根据名义应力法和局部应力应变法对缺口件的疲劳寿命进行了计算,并与试验结果进行了比较。结果表明:试验结果与计算结果较接近;与未经超声深滚处理的试件相比,经超声深滚处理后缺口试件的疲劳强度由276 MPa提高到523 MPa。断口分析表明:经超声深滚处理后疲劳裂纹源下移到缺口根部以下0.68 mm处,说明超声深滚在缺口根部引入的残余压应力是提高缺口试件疲劳强度的主要原因。     

温度和压力对玻璃纤维增强环氧复合材料吸湿特性的影响

采用称量法研究了温度、压力对浸泡在水中的GF/E-51试件吸湿性的影响;通过短梁剪切实验研究了温度、压力和浸泡时间对GF/E-51剪切强度的影响,使用体视显微镜观察了浸泡60d后GF/E-51的截面形貌。结果表明:温度对试件的吸湿影响较大,与30℃时相比,50℃时的平衡吸湿量增了145.0%,扩散系数增加了47.6%,50%吸湿量以前的平均吸湿速率增加了3倍,温度升高,加速了GF/E-51试件吸湿由Fick扩散到非Fick扩散的转变;压力对复合材料吸湿及吸湿试样的剪切强度有明显的影响:压力升高,抑制了树脂基体的溶胀,延缓了GF/E-51试件吸湿由Fick扩散到非Fick扩散的转变,减轻了溶胀对剪切强度影响,浸泡60d后,剪切强度保留率保持不变,但5atm/30℃水中试件剪切强度保留率比1atm/30℃条件下高3.97%、比1atm/50℃条件下高5.17%。     

高能激光辐照固体材料时热激波效应的计算

1.引言固体材料受高能激光脉冲辐照时,激光能量沉积到它的表面,使一簿层材料烧蚀。汽化材料迅速膨胀,其反作用在固体材料中引起一个热激波。热激波传播到固体的自由表面之后,反射稀疏波中的负压强可能达到材料的抗拉强度,使其断裂而形成一个痂片,裂缝成为新的自由表面,可能再次形成新的痂片,这样使材料发生层裂破坏。     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

The UK,interrogation and Iraq, 2003–2008

The UK’s interrogation operations during the conflict in Iraq (2003–2008) are often portrayed by the media as involving significant amounts of mistreatment. This article demonstrates that these practices are not necessarily representative of the UK’s interrogation operations across this conflict. In doing so it contributes to the limited literature on the practice of interrogation and on the UK’s combat operations in Iraq. The UK’s interrogation capability, and therefore its intelligence-gathering capability, is shown to have rested primarily with the military’s Joint Forward Interrogation Team (JFIT). The JFIT suffered from limitations to the number, training and experience of its interrogators and interpreters. It is argued that maintaining a permanent, higher level of preparedness for interrogation by the British armed forces is desirable.     

Remembering and forgetting Mirambo: Histories of war in modern Africa

ABSTRACT

While the study of organised violence is considered essential to understanding the history of the West, and accordingly imbued with various layers of meaning and remembrance, war is widely regarded as inimical to the modern nation in Africa and stable development more broadly. Using examples drawn from primarily from East Africa, this paper considers the ways in which warfare in the deeper (‘precolonial’) past has been framed and envisioned in recent decades, in particular by governments whose own roots lie in revolutionary armed struggle and who began life as guerrilla movements. While in some cases particular elements of the deeper past were indeed mobilised in pursuit of contemporary political goals, in many other scenarios histories of precolonial violence were beheld as problematic and unworthy of remembrance. This paper highlights the paradox and ambiguity which has attended the memory of key aspects of Africa’s deeper past.