软件缺陷预测中基于Wrapper的特征选择方法

特征选择是提高软件缺陷预测精度的关键步骤之一。传统的软件缺陷预测过程主要基于Filter方式进行特征选择,基于Wrapper特征选择方法的研究还处于起步阶段。为了进一步研究Wrapper式特征选择方法在软件缺陷预测中的应用情况,将特征选择和缺陷预测过程相融合,结合不同的评价指标,设计了8种基于Wrapper式特征选择的缺陷预测方法。在这些方法中,首先选择4种常用的缺陷预测算法分别作为内部与外部分类器,然后在AUC和F-measure指标下选择特征子集,在AUC指标下评估预测结果。仿真结果表明,内部分类器和外部分类器均选择为RF时,软件缺陷预测精度最佳,NB次之,但是RF耗费时间较多,综合考虑精度与效率,推荐内外分类器均采用NB算法。     

不平衡数据的软件缺陷预测方法

数据的不平衡问题是数据分类领域中的一个热点问题。当分类算法处理这些数据时,算法将偏向多数类而忽视少数类。在软件缺陷预测领域,它并没有引起足够的重视,在4组NASA不平衡数据上比较和分析了14种分类算法的性能,为了克服数据的不平衡性,采用SMOTE技术对软件缺陷数据进行平衡化,最后在AUC和F-measure评价指标下对算法进行评估。实验结果表明随机森林算法在4组数据上表现最佳,这为软件缺陷预测提供了很好的参考。     

软件静态分析工具综述

为了在软件生命周期的编码阶段尽可能多地发现软件缺陷以降低软件成本和开发时间,需要对被测程序源代码实施软件静态分析,软件静态分析最有效的手段是使用软件静态分析工具。针对C程序常见的软件缺陷,通过对几种主流静态分析工具的功能性对比分析,探讨了软件静态分析工具的优缺点及影响软件静态分析工具选择的诸多因素,为软件测试人员选择适合自己的软件静态分析工具提供参考。     

软件静态分析工具评析

为了在软件生命周期的编码阶段尽可能多地发现软件缺陷以降低软件成本和开发时间,需要对被测程序源代码实施软件静态分析。软件静态分析最有效的手段是使用软件静态分析工具。针对C程序常见的软件缺陷,通过对几种主流静态分析工具的功能性对比分析,探讨了软件静态分析工具的优缺点及影响软件静态分析工具选择的诸多因素,可为软件测试人员选择合适的软件静态分析工具提供参考。     

基于组织协同进化的软件缺陷预测方法

针对传统有标识软件度量元数据存在软件缺陷预测精度低的问题,首先对比选择合适的离散化方法,然后将组织协同进化分类算法引入并应用到航天软件缺陷预测领域,给出了一种基于组织协同进化的软件缺陷预测方法。该方法根据预测目标将离散后的软件度量元数据划分为不同种群,在各种群内部形成进化个体(组织)。组织在增减算子、交换算子、合并算子和组织选择机制的作用下不断进化,并基于属性重要度协同进化的方式进行适应度函数的计算,实现了有标识软件度量元数据缺陷预测精度的提高。最后通过两组仿真实验,验证了基于组织协同进化航天软件缺陷预测方法的有效性。     

预测软件中残留的缺陷

当越来越多的商用COTS软件应用到舰船的操作系统和应用软件中时,软件变得越来越重要。程序管理员需要为作战系统、有条件的监视、推进控制、部件需求和舰船管理等定义、采购和管理软件的开发和集成。本文的目的是描述软件可靠性工程的技术发展水平和商用、军用软件缺陷预测技术的发展水平。文中的信息是基于商用软件业和舰船软件开发过程提供的数据。本文比较了四种软件失效模型的优点和缺点。其中对数泊松执行时间(LogarithmicPoissonExecutionTime,简称LPET)模型与数据匹配得最好,并满足可靠性理论的基本原则。本文给出了软件失效的定义和软件缺陷的追踪过程,并采用分布图预测软件发布后仍然存在的缺陷。作为展望,本文提供了预测商用软件中缺陷的经验法则以及修复这些缺陷所需的相对花费。     

论软件缺陷

软件的缺陷是软件质量的重要因素之一,低缺陷密度的软件是高质量软件的必要条件。软件的缺陷是不可避免的,统计表明,经过PSP训练的软件工程师平均引入的缺陷密度为50个缺陷/kLOC。通过对软件缺陷概念及分类、产生缺陷的原因及如何避免产生缺陷、缺陷排除的分析和软件缺陷与软件故障率之间的关系的研究,探讨了如何研制低缺陷密度的软件。     

故障预测技术综述

把握新军事变革机遇,加快信息化建设步伐,对军事装备进行有效的质量监控和故障预测是技术保障的重要内容。阐述了故障预测技术,系统地介绍了现有的、比较有代表性的故障预测技术方法,并叙述了其优缺点;最后重点对故障预测技术的发展前景进行了展望,指出了该研究领域当前需要进一步研究的问题和发展方向。研究故障预测技术对提高装备的维修和保障能力具有十分重要的意义。     

65 nm工艺双层三维静态存储器的软错误分析与评估

新兴的三维静态存储器将代替二维静态存储器被广泛用于高性能微处理器中,但它依然会受到软错误的危害。为了能够快速、自动分析多层管芯堆叠结构的三维静态存储器软错误特性,搭建了三维静态存储器软错误分析平台。利用该平台对以字线划分设计的三维静态存储器和同等规模的二维静态存储器分别进行软错误分析,并对分析结果进行对比。研究结果表明二维和三维静态存储器的翻转截面几乎相同,但三维静态存储器单个字中发生的软错误要比二维静态存储器更严重,导致难以使用纠检错技术对其进行加固。静态模式下二维和三维静态存储器敏感节点均分布于存储阵列中,表明静态模式下逻辑电路不会引发软错误。     

高超声速滑翔飞行器滑翔段预测-校正制导研究

为了满足高超声速滑翔飞行器再入制导过程中的终端约束和过程约束,针对滑翔段具有不确定初值和气动干扰的滑翔再入问题,联合三维轨迹快速在线生成技术和模型预测静态规划（MPSP）技术提出了一种改进的MPSP预测-校正制导律。建立了基于能量的高超声速滑翔飞行器的运动学模型,详细推导了MPSP预测-校正制导理论。构建了基于三维快速轨迹规划的初值生成器,探讨了初始下降段对滑翔段的影响因素。针对滑翔段初值干扰和气动参数摄动问题,设计了预测-校正制导律,进行了数字仿真。仿真结果表明,改进的MPSP预测-校正制导方法能够有效利用精确的猜测值,对干扰初值和气动摄动具有较强的鲁棒性。     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

The UK,interrogation and Iraq, 2003–2008

The UK’s interrogation operations during the conflict in Iraq (2003–2008) are often portrayed by the media as involving significant amounts of mistreatment. This article demonstrates that these practices are not necessarily representative of the UK’s interrogation operations across this conflict. In doing so it contributes to the limited literature on the practice of interrogation and on the UK’s combat operations in Iraq. The UK’s interrogation capability, and therefore its intelligence-gathering capability, is shown to have rested primarily with the military’s Joint Forward Interrogation Team (JFIT). The JFIT suffered from limitations to the number, training and experience of its interrogators and interpreters. It is argued that maintaining a permanent, higher level of preparedness for interrogation by the British armed forces is desirable.     

Remembering and forgetting Mirambo: Histories of war in modern Africa

ABSTRACT

While the study of organised violence is considered essential to understanding the history of the West, and accordingly imbued with various layers of meaning and remembrance, war is widely regarded as inimical to the modern nation in Africa and stable development more broadly. Using examples drawn from primarily from East Africa, this paper considers the ways in which warfare in the deeper (‘precolonial’) past has been framed and envisioned in recent decades, in particular by governments whose own roots lie in revolutionary armed struggle and who began life as guerrilla movements. While in some cases particular elements of the deeper past were indeed mobilised in pursuit of contemporary political goals, in many other scenarios histories of precolonial violence were beheld as problematic and unworthy of remembrance. This paper highlights the paradox and ambiguity which has attended the memory of key aspects of Africa’s deeper past.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

SIM—LISP:一个通信网络管理专家系统外壳的设计与实现

本文介绍了笔者为开发名为OONMES的网络管理专家系统所实现的一个简单专家系统工具SIM-LISP。SIM-LISP是一个用C/C++语言来实现的模拟LISP语言的可调用函数集,它短小精巧,速度快,可以完成针对网管专家系统的事实或规则知识的表示、匹配、合一和推理等基本操作,并有与知识对象的连接功能,是网管专家系统内核实现的支撑环境。     

Al Qaida on the US invasion of Afghanistan in their own words

This article consists of selected translations from captured interviews and dairies of Al Qaida members. The time period covered is from mid-2001 to early 2002 and concerns their operations in Afghanistan. The material clearly conveys a range of emotion, from confident to despondent, as well as efforts to contest the US actions. The first several pages give the reader context and some possible “lessons learned,” but the story(ies) are best told by the Al Qaida members themselves. All names are pseudonyms.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.