生化恐怖威胁与防化科研面临的挑战

继东京地铁沙林事件以后，美国炭疽事件又一次将生化恐怖威胁这一不容忽视的问题摆在世界各国面前，试从生化恐怖活动的历史情况分析生化恐怖活动的特点，并讨论在潜在的生化恐怖威胁面前，防化科研面临哪些挑战，有哪些研究领域可以深入和拓展。     

恐怖活动中公众心理恐惧效应对社会稳定的影响及对策

恐怖活动往往导致公众的巨大心理恐惧效应,极易造成一定程度甚至是大规模的社会恐慌,严重影响社会稳定。因此,降低公众对恐怖袭击活动的心理恐惧效应、提高其心理承受能力,对恐怖活动发生时维护社会稳定具有重要意义。     

恐怖活动对新疆边境地区的影响及对策

长期以来,新疆恐怖活动组织与＂三股势力＂相勾结,制造了多起恐怖活动事件,给新疆边境地区的安全与稳定带来了严重威胁。为此,针对新疆边境地区的特殊性以及恐怖活动的态势,分析了恐怖活动对新疆边境地区的影响,从提升反恐的主动发现能力、加强情报预警工作、加强防范措施的严密性等方面提出了遏制新疆恐怖活动的对策。     

现代恐怖活动的组织类型特点及发展趋势

美国发生"9·11"恐怖袭击以后,恐怖主义及恐怖活动成为人们研究的重要课题.研究恐怖活动,深刻分析恐怖活动的组织类型、特点及发展趋势,对于我们搞好警卫工作具有特别重要的参考价值和现实意义.     

俄罗斯恐怖活动探析

详细介绍俄罗斯境内恐怖活动的特点 ,分析俄罗斯政府针对恐怖活动所采取的各项策略 ,以期对我国的反恐有所借鉴。     

车臣俄军掠影

随着车臣非法武装的主力被消灭,俄联邦军队在车臣的大规模军事行动已告结束。目前,俄军正深入有效地开展清剿行动,打击从事恐怖活动的残余非法武装分子。约有1000多名车臣非法武装的残余分子。分成小股从事恐怖活动。驻车臣俄军部队正加紧搜寻和追剿,严防恐怖事件的发生。 俄罗斯部队近来积极在车臣首府格罗兹尼等地区扫雷,以保障车臣重建工作顺利进行。这些地雷是车臣非法武装分子在被击溃时埋下的,严重威胁着当地人们的安全和生活。     

反化学恐怖用毒重点化合物的评价指标体系研究

21世纪,随着错综复杂的国际矛盾的尖锐化和畸形化,国际恐怖组织积极谋求利用核、化学、生物大规模杀伤性武器或类似材料来制造高恐怖效应的恐怖活动,这成为恐怖主义的重要发展动向。世界已知的200多个恐怖组织,多数具备制造化     

电子战在反恐怖作战中的作用及其运用

恐怖活动已成为威胁国家安全和社会稳定的重要因素,电子战在反恐怖作战中也越发具有十分突出的作用。文章分析了恐怖组织从事恐怖活动实施电子战的手段,以及反恐怖作战电子战的特点,提出了反恐怖作战电子战的运用对策及需要把握的几个问题。     

恐怖组织企划“世界版图”

近两年,恐怖活动呈现高速攀升之势,没有哪个国家能置身事外不受波及。2012年85个国家共发生6771起恐怖袭击事件,造成1．1万人丧生。2013年,伊拉克、阿富汗和巴基斯坦大规模自杀式袭击不断,9月21日肯尼亚首都内罗毕韦斯特盖购物中心恐怖事件,以及西方多国个体恐怖枪击案连发,给国际反恐怖斗争提出了新的挑战。     

核和辐射恐怖活动防范与处置的核监测需求研究

初步研究了我国面临的核和辐射恐怖活动的危险,讨论了防范与处置核和辐射恐怖活动的核监测需求和对策。     

化生恐怖活动特点及防范探讨

探讨化生恐怖活动中可能使用的化学和生物制品的种类、化生恐怖活动特点及可能使用的手段,研究提出了几点防范构想,希望能有助于在反恐斗争中防化兵作用的研究和发展。     

Systems failure: the US way of irregular warfare

ABSTRACT

Since 9/11, the United States has achieved notable gains against al Qaeda, and also Islamic State (IS), all while avoiding another mass-casualty attack at home. Yet, institutionally, culturally, and in its capabilities, the US government remains seriously ill-equipped for the task of countering irregular threats. Partly as a result, Islamist extremism shows no sign of being defeated, having instead metastasized since 9/11 and spread. Why, given the importance accorded to counterterrorism, has the US approach remained inadequate? What is impeding more fundamental reforms? The article evaluates the United States’ way of irregular warfare: its troubled engagement with counterinsurgency and its problematic search for lower cost and lower risk ways of combating terrorism. It suggests needed reforms but acknowledges also the unlikelihood of change.     

BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL WEAPONS ARMS CONTROL IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Nonproliferation policies to prevent biological and chemical weapons use are important, but insufficient, particularly in view of the rise of global terrorism. Given the history of developing and using these weapons, it is crucial that governments properly prepare for biological and chemical threats, whether naturally occurring or man-made, such as by developing and managing effective healthcare infrastructure to mitigate widespread illness and injuries resulting from pandemics or terrorist attacks. Although the Middle East is one of the most sensitive and complex areas in the world—especially regarding regional arms control efforts and prevention—coordinating preparedness strategies among states in the region may be possible. Cooperatively addressing biological and chemical threats could lead to constructive progress towards the otherwise elusive goal of establishing a weapons of mass destruction-free zone in the Middle East.     

Proliferation Optimism and Pessimism Revisited

Policies to counter the threat of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) have, for the most part, been modeled on strategies originally devised to counter the danger of nuclear proliferation. While useful in countering a traditional CBN (chemical/biological/nuclear)/WMD threat, current counter-proliferation and non-proliferation regimes are insufficient to meet the challenge of maritime terrorism. Maritime terrorism represents a new category of threat; one that partially overlaps with conventional WMD, but for which – due to the scope and nature of the maritime industry – traditional counter-proliferation policies may be inadequate and even inappropriate. This article outlines the means by which maritime shipping can be used as WMD and discusses the policies implemented to deal with these threats, in light of the challenges presented to traditional conceptualizations of WMD and counter-proliferation strategies.     

美国对化学、生物恐怖事件防护装备的技术要求分析

为了给在核化生事件中遂行任务的应急处置人员提供符合要求的个人防护装备,美国于2001年实施了NFPA1994《化学、生物恐怖事件用防护装具标准》．介绍了该标准中提出的化学、生物恐怖事件防护装备的技术要求,包括设计要求和技术性能要求,并讨论了各级防护装具的使用场合和时机、防护服的型式结构和对防护材料的要求．     

面向新化学威胁形式的防护技术与装备

近年来,化学威胁的形式发生了变化,出现了类化学战、化学恐怖以及针对平民和环境的次生危害,给防化科研和防化工作提出了新的挑战。分析传统化学战与这三类新化学威胁形式的异同点发现,这些新威胁形式之间有着较多的共同点,而与传统化学战威胁形式则有较大差异。中国拥有为数众多的大型化工生产、储存设施,这些设施很可能成为袭击的目标,因此必须转变化学防护观念,尽快研究防化新技术、新装备,建立国家动员机制。     

The rise and fall of counterproliferation policy

The US government initiated a Defense Counterproliferation Initiative to address the concern that, in the post-Cold War years, the proliferation of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons would be widespread and create a significant challenge to the US military’s combat operations. In particular, non-nuclear states might use chemical or biological warfare agents against US forces with the belief that nuclear weapons would not be used against them in retaliation. Following the events of September 11, 2001, defense strategy and policy shifted to a wider view of the threat of adversarial use of “weapons of mass destruction” (WMD) and the term “counterproliferation” was replaced by “combating” or “countering WMD.” Over time, the Defense Department increasingly moved away from counterproliferation principles with the detrimental effect of losing capabilities that US forces still need for contemporary adversaries. This shift has been aggravated by other US government agencies’ use of “counterproliferation” in lieu of what would have been termed “nonproliferation” activities in the 1990s. The loss of clarity within the US government on these terms has led to the inability to focus the “whole of government” on this significant national security challenge. To alleviate this challenge, the US government needs a top-down initiative to refocus policy on the distinctly different aspects of WMD with respect to military combat operations, combating terrorism, and homeland security.     

Growth and Fiscal Consequences of Terrorism in Nigeria

Abstract

In spite of government counter-terrorism expenditure and efforts, the incidence of terrorism in Nigeria appears to be rising. This paper examines the growth and fiscal consequences of terrorism in Nigeria by estimating the terrorism–macroeconomy relation using different measures of terror incidence. The results show that terrorism has an economically and statistically significant negative impact on growth; although this impact is considerably small and short-lived, manifesting only after a lag of about three years. Specifically, the cost of terrorism to Nigeria, in terms of lost GDP per annum, is estimated at 0.82%. Moreover, there is evidence that terrorism leads to the reallocation of economic activity away from private investment spending to government spending; that is, terrorism crowds out investment at a higher rate than its potential to crowd in government spending. Lastly, terrorism alters the composition of government expenditure – with the defence component of government expenditure rising vis-a-vis other expenditure items. The results are robust to allowing for dynamic interactions between terrorism and macroeconomic aggregates.     

境外反恐行动的理论研究与实践探索

境外反恐行动在国际上已有大量先例，对于一个境外目标面临恐怖威胁或遭受恐怖袭击的国家，是不容回避的现实问题。通过对境外反恐行动产生的根源、各国境外反恐的对策、采取的方式及其制约因素的综合分析，能够得出有益的启示。反恐怖斗争的严峻现实和发展趋势，要求我们探索境外反恐对策，切实保护国家利益和人民生命财产安全，同时为国际反恐斗争作出应有的贡献。     

海警部队海上反恐斗争面临的形势及对策

近年来，国际海上恐怖活动日益增多，公安海警部队海上反恐斗争形势严峻。为此，部队必须适应海上恐怖活动的特点，完善反恐工作机制，制定有效的反恐策略，切实提高海上反恐作战能力，以维护国家海洋权益及海上安全。