面向多目标跟踪的PHD滤波多传感器数据融合算法

针对密集杂波环境下单传感器应用高斯混合PHD算法进行多目标跟踪时性能下降的问题,提出一种面向多目标跟踪的PHD滤波多传感器数据融合算法。首先构建了基于高斯混合PHD滤波的多传感器数据融合系统框架,各传感器利用高斯混合PHD滤波算法进行局部状态估计,然后对各传感器的状态估计结果进行关联度计算,最后通过构建自适应混合参数,引入协方差交叉算法对关联状态进行融合。仿真实验表明,与单传感器高斯混合PHD多目标跟踪算法相比,所提算法有效提高了目标数量和状态的估计精度。     

回归分析在多雷达航迹关联和融合中的应用

雷达数据关联融合是多站多目标跟踪的主要问题,提出了一种回归分析的数据融合方法.首先,对测量数据进行统计分析,给出观测融合的点估计和置信区间估计,之后基于目标的观测融合数据,采用强跟踪滤波器对多目标进行跟踪.利用上述方法,进行了各种态势下的仿真实验,验证了算法的有效性.     

神经网络辅助多目标跟踪数据融合

多目标跟踪(MTT)算法包括卡尔曼滤波和数据关联算法等,而数据关联算法又是最重要、最困难的方面.联合概率数据关联(JPDA)算法对单传感器多目标跟踪是一种良好的算法,但对于多传感器多目标跟踪的情况,特别是目标较为密集时,计算量剧增.提出了一种改进的方法,一方面将神经网络引入到卡尔曼滤波器中,提高滤波器的自适应能力,减小卡尔曼滤波器的估计误差从而改善多目标跟踪精度;另一方面用神经网络辅助JPDA提高正确关联概率,减小计算量.经仿真研究表明,该方法是行之有效的.     

模糊决策融合的红外弱小目标序列检测

针对红外序列图像中运动弱小点目标的检测问题,重点研究序列关联检测算法.在多帧关联检测的基础上,引入决策融合概念,建立了基于模糊决策融合的序列关联检测方法.基于贝叶斯最小风险准则建立分布式决策模糊融合方法,有效融合单帧检测的结果,提高序列检测算法的性能.实测数据的实验结果验证了基于贝叶斯最小风险准则的分布式决策模糊融合方法的可行性和有效性.     

目标多特征信息的模糊数据关联算法

传统的解决密集杂波环境中多目标跟踪的数据关联算法主要是基于目标的距离特征。由于利用的信息有限,容易导致目标的误跟和失跟。提出一种基于目标多特征信息的数据关联算法,将目标的距离特征、方位特征和雷达散射截面积特征进行模糊信息融合,实现对雷达目标的关联。仿真结果表明了该算法的有效性。     

基于模糊聚类的多目标跟踪算法

提出了一种新的基于模糊聚类的多目标跟踪算法,该算法通过一种改进的模糊聚类算法,首先得到可能的目标数和测量点迹与目标预测位置之间的隶属度,然后结合Kalman滤波将隶属度作为权值系数对预测新息向量进行加权,来实现目标状态估计的更新。仿真结果表明,传统数据融合多目标跟踪算法,一般需要假定目标数并且在多目标密集时易产生关联错误而导致跟踪发散,新算法通过模糊聚类客观有效地确定了目标数并且通过加权过程保证了对多目标密集时的高精度。     

逼近理想灰关联投影多目标决策的点迹-航迹关联算法

点迹-航迹数据关联是多目标跟踪的重要组成部分。将多目标决策思想和灰关联分析方法引入点迹-航迹关联的研究,提出了一种基于逼近理想灰关联投影多目标决策的点迹-航迹数据关联算法。仿真实验表明,该算法在密集多目标情况下有一定的实际应用价值。     

改进CHNN神经网络航迹关联算法

航迹关联和航迹融合是分布式数据融合的重点。基于Hopfield神经网络的航迹关联算法是建立在每个传感器都发现相同目标的基础上的,但是在实际应用中往往不是这样。改进了基于连续型神经网络的广义航迹关联算法,进一步地,该算法可以推广到多个传感器的情形。为了加速Hopfield神经网络的收敛速度,重新定义马氏距离。计算机仿真表示,改进算法适用于多传感器航迹关联问题,且适用于密集目标航迹交叉的情形。     

多目标环境下基于分布式融合思想的误差估计方法

针对多雷达多目标跟踪过程中分布未知的系统误差估计问题,提出了基于"分布式融合思想"的误差估计方法。给出相应误差估计方法的计算公式,利用改进截断奇异值方法来减轻矩阵病态性的影响,提高误差估计的稳健性。设置了两种不同的系统误差仿真场景,对"分布式"误差估计方法在两种情形下的估计性能进行了仔细对比分析。结合"分布式"误差估计方法与"集中式估计"方法所体现出的优缺点,提出了一种将两种方法结合起来的系统误差估计算法,算法通过合理选择阈值门限η,能够在多雷达多目标且系统误差分布未知的复杂环境下对两种误差估计算法自适应地进行切换,从而充分发挥两种误差估计算法各自的优点,给出更好的误差估计结果。     

密集目标有偏航迹整体匹配关联方法

针对密集目标和传感器探测存在较大系统偏差的复杂条件下的分布式融合中航迹关联问题,设计了一种整体匹配航迹关联方法,首先将所有航迹划分成若干个关联聚,对各传感器都有多个目标航迹的关联聚采用多目标点图整体匹配,对某传感器只有单目标航迹的关联聚采用航迹段整体匹配,从而获得关联聚内所有航迹的关联关系。在仿真分析中,随机产生态势,分别计算新算法在不同情形下的漏关联、正确关联率、错误关联率。仿真验证结果表明该算法在不同目标密集程度、系统误差情形下都有较好的适应性。     

The UK,interrogation and Iraq, 2003–2008

The UK’s interrogation operations during the conflict in Iraq (2003–2008) are often portrayed by the media as involving significant amounts of mistreatment. This article demonstrates that these practices are not necessarily representative of the UK’s interrogation operations across this conflict. In doing so it contributes to the limited literature on the practice of interrogation and on the UK’s combat operations in Iraq. The UK’s interrogation capability, and therefore its intelligence-gathering capability, is shown to have rested primarily with the military’s Joint Forward Interrogation Team (JFIT). The JFIT suffered from limitations to the number, training and experience of its interrogators and interpreters. It is argued that maintaining a permanent, higher level of preparedness for interrogation by the British armed forces is desirable.     

Remembering and forgetting Mirambo: Histories of war in modern Africa

ABSTRACT

While the study of organised violence is considered essential to understanding the history of the West, and accordingly imbued with various layers of meaning and remembrance, war is widely regarded as inimical to the modern nation in Africa and stable development more broadly. Using examples drawn from primarily from East Africa, this paper considers the ways in which warfare in the deeper (‘precolonial’) past has been framed and envisioned in recent decades, in particular by governments whose own roots lie in revolutionary armed struggle and who began life as guerrilla movements. While in some cases particular elements of the deeper past were indeed mobilised in pursuit of contemporary political goals, in many other scenarios histories of precolonial violence were beheld as problematic and unworthy of remembrance. This paper highlights the paradox and ambiguity which has attended the memory of key aspects of Africa’s deeper past.     

SIM—LISP:一个通信网络管理专家系统外壳的设计与实现

本文介绍了笔者为开发名为OONMES的网络管理专家系统所实现的一个简单专家系统工具SIM-LISP。SIM-LISP是一个用C/C++语言来实现的模拟LISP语言的可调用函数集,它短小精巧,速度快,可以完成针对网管专家系统的事实或规则知识的表示、匹配、合一和推理等基本操作,并有与知识对象的连接功能,是网管专家系统内核实现的支撑环境。     

Al Qaida on the US invasion of Afghanistan in their own words

This article consists of selected translations from captured interviews and dairies of Al Qaida members. The time period covered is from mid-2001 to early 2002 and concerns their operations in Afghanistan. The material clearly conveys a range of emotion, from confident to despondent, as well as efforts to contest the US actions. The first several pages give the reader context and some possible “lessons learned,” but the story(ies) are best told by the Al Qaida members themselves. All names are pseudonyms.     

Does Intent equal Capability? Al-Qaeda and Weapons of Mass Destruction

The prospect of terrorists deploying weapons of mass destruction (WMD) is often referred to as the foremost danger to American national security. This danger has become more realistic because of al-Qaeda's expanding global network and the expressed willingness to kill thousands of civilians. In the past four years, numerous media reports have documented the group's ongoing quest for WMD capabilities; many reports have detailed al-Qaeda members’ attempts to manufacture or obtain certain chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) agents to use in WMD against targets in the West and the Middle East. Yet the question remains: Does al-Qaeda's current WMD capability match its actual intent? While most studies of the group have focused on its explicit desire for WMD, allegations of CBRN acquisition, and the killing potential of specific CBRN agents, few open-source studies have closely examined the evolution of al-Qaeda's consideration of WMD and, most notably, the merit of actual CBRN production instructions as depicted and disseminated in the group's own literature and manuals. The following report will examine the history of al-Qaeda's interest in CBRN agents, the evolution of the network's attitude toward these weapons, and the internal debate within the organization concerning acquisition and use of WMD. More so, the following research will assess the validity of actual CBRN production instructions and capabilities as displayed and disseminated in al-Qaeda's own literature and websites.     

Late Medieval Lance Use: Mounted Combat and Martial Arts in Western Europe from the 14th to the 16th Century

Despite the lance’s status and the amount of attention the couched lance has received in historiography, study of its martial art has been neglected. The various lance types and techniques used by western European cavalry have only recently begun to receive scholarly attention. Additionally, Medieval European lance use has too often been studied in isolation, without an adequate understanding of the idiosyncratic and asymmetrical dynamics of mounted combat. Although the charge with the couched lance was a valid tactic, it was only one of many. Light and heavy lances were used in one hand or two to trip, block, unhorse, and wrestle. These techniques were governed by the harsh laws of distance, speed, impact, iron, and asymmetry. By utilizing the surviving Fechtbücher and several Peninsular and Near Eastern sources, a brief foray into the diverse techniques of lance use and their purposes has been attempted here.     

A model for geographically distributed combat interactions of swarming naval and air forces

This article describes the Distributed Interaction Campaign Model (DICM), an exploratory campaign analysis tool and asset allocation decision‐aid for managing geographically distributed and swarming naval and air forces. The model is capable of fast operation, while accounting for uncertainty in an opponent's plan. It is intended for use by commanders and analysts who have limited time for model runs, or a finite budget. The model is purpose‐built for the Pentagon's Office of Net Assessment, and supports analysis of the following questions: What happens when swarms of geographically distributed naval and air forces engage each other and what are the key elements of the opponents’ force to attack? Are there changes to force structure that make a force more effective, and what impacts will disruptions in enemy command and control and wide‐area surveillance have? Which insights are to be gained by fast exploratory mathematical/computational campaign analysis to augment and replace expensive and time‐consuming simulations? An illustrative example of model use is described in a simple test scenario. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 63: 562–576, 2016     

Thomas Firth and Sons – Steelmakers to the Arms Industries. Part 2: Heavy Armaments

Firth’s were the first of the Sheffield steel makers to enter the field armaments. Their involvement with Colt has been outlined in an article in the journal of the Colt Collectors Association in America and their activities as steelmakers to the small-arms industries has been covered in a previous issue of this Journal. This article gives a brief overview of their involvement as manufacturers in the field of heavy armaments, being the first to make all-steel guns and their evolving role in the use of steel for ordnance, culminating in the displacement of wrought iron by the adoption of steel for ordnance manufacture by the Royal Gun Factory in the 1880s. It also highlights their development of stainless steel in this context.     

Information Is Not a Weapons System

ABSTRACT

While many militaries have tried to capitalize on the potential of information operations in internal war, few have succeeded. I argue that military information campaigns fall short of expectations for two reasons. First, the theory of influence militaries generally embrace – communications as a non-lethal weapons system – is largely invalid. While treating information as a weapons system makes it easier to integrate it into the existing military planning system, this overstates the independent effects of communications on behavior and understates the importance of interactive effects of what commercial marketing theory refers to as the “marketing mix” – product, price, promotion, and placement. It would be more appropriate to treat military information operations as a form of marketing: a composite effort to induce a specific behavior in a target audience by applying a combination of material and ideational instruments. The marketing model suggests that the efficacy of information operations will depend not simply on the message and its delivery (promotion) but on the behavior the sender seeks to induce (the product), the costs of that behavior (the price), and the opportunities available for such behavior (the placement).