海水中点电极对产生的电场研究

根据参考文献得到的海水中点电极电场计算公式,对位于海水平面上单个点电极在海水中的电场电位、电场强度进行了仿真计算,总结了电场分布规律及其影响因素。提出利用两个异号单电极组成电极对来模拟电极式扫雷具电场,并仿真计算了电极对的电场。最后,通过电极对和电偶极子的相似性验证了电极对模型的有效性。     

Ag/AgCl电极海洋电场探测机理研究

为研究Ag/AgCl电极海洋电场探测的机理,从电路角度建立了响应电场E′与发射电场E的函数关系,对自制的Ag/AgCl电极进行交流阻抗、Tafel和电极电场响应测试。结果表明:自制的Ag/AgCl电极在0.1 Hz的阻抗值大小约为10Ω,交换电流密度为1.61×10~(-3) A·cm~(-2),具有较好的电化学性能,且Ag/AgCl电极交换电流密度和表面积越大,探测性能越好。该测试结果与计算值能较好地吻合,验证了相关函数关系的正确性,说明基于具有稳定电位的Ag/AgCl电极探测海洋电场信号等同于测量电极对间海水的电压,从电路的角度解释了Ag/AgCl电极的海洋电场探测机理,具有一定的理论创新性。     

海水中稳恒电流电场的点电极计算模型

根据点电极基本假设,利用均匀介质中稳恒电流场与静电场的相似性,分别采用分离变量法和镜像法计算了点电极稳恒电流场在空气 海水 海床三层介质平行界面模型下的电位分布,从而得到了海水中稳恒电流电场的计算模型.计算结果表明:点电极的电场分布具有明显的特征,可作为舰船电场电极阵列模拟的计算单元.     

Ag/AgCl电极水中电场探测的幅频响应特性

采用固态粉压型Ag/AgC1电极对参数已知的水下低频交流电场进行探测.通过改变水中电场信号的特征参数进行对比实验,以检测电极对信号频率和幅值的响应特性.实验结果表明:发射信号在0～4 Hz、15～35 mV的范围内时,Ag/AgCl电极的探测灵敏度随发射信号幅值的增加而增强,并且探测信号能够真实地反映发射信号的频率特征.最后,提出了电场探测电极的响应性能的表征参数.     

基于等效电路和点电流源的潜艇水下腐蚀电场估算

为了对潜艇涂层破损状态的水下腐蚀电场进行快速评估,基于电化学腐蚀原理和潜艇结构特点,建立潜艇涂层局部破损时的腐蚀电流等效电路,对潜艇涂层局部破损时的腐蚀电流强度进行估算,并基于点电流源对潜艇腐蚀电场建模,将潜艇涂层破损部位和裸露螺旋桨等效为点电流源,利用点电流源在分层介质中的电场计算公式对潜艇涂层破损时的腐蚀稳恒电场进行估算。与某型潜艇腐蚀电场商业有限元软件COMSOL仿真结果对比表明：该估算方法得到的潜艇表面腐蚀电流和不同路径电场分布曲线规律与COMSOL仿真结果基本一致,电流估算值相对误差不超过6.5%,电场各分量峰峰值相对误差不超过18%。     

海洋低频电场传感器敏感电极材料的选择

选择了9种不同的电极材料,根据海洋环境下低频、极低频电场的自身特点,通过直流电阻、交流阻抗、电极对极差漂移3个方面对电极性能进行了测试,研究了其用于海洋环境低频电场弱信号探测的可行性,筛选出了适合海洋环境低频电场测量的电极材料,并从理论上进行了解释.结果表明,固态Ag/AgCl电极的直流电阻和交流阻抗均较小,且其极差漂移可控制在μV级,具有优良的极化效应和较低的极差漂移,是海洋环境低频电场探测的敏感电极材料.     

优化匹配包层单模光纤色散特性的设计方法

本文计算了匹配包层单模阶跃光纤色散特性与几何结构参量、工作波长的关系。绘制了在结构参量平面中等色散系数的分布图,可用以按所规定的色散系数允差优化光纤的结构参量。     

运动船舶磁性船体产生的感应电场

为了研究运动船舶磁性船体产生的感应电场,以库伦定律和毕奥-沙伐定律等电磁场基本理论为基础,对磁偶极子运动产生的感应电场进行了建模,通过实验证明了分析方法的正确性,解决了以往模型适用范围窄、准确性差的问题;并以磁偶极子感应电场模型为基础,得到了磁性船体的感应电场模型,利用实船的磁场数据进行了实例计算,得出船舶附近感应电场可达1m V/m,达到了可探测水平。     

浅海中电导率对同一水平面轴频电场的影响

为了研究电导率对浅海中轴频电场的影响,首先在基于水平时谐电流元的基础上推导出三层介质中电场表达式;然后,通过研究在某一海水深度不同海水电导率下的轴频电场幅值变化,得出了轴频电场随电导率变化而产生的变化曲线图趋势,即海水电导率的增加会使电场幅值减小,且当电导率较小时,电场值变化趋势较大;最后,通过实验测量不同电导率下的轴频电场,验证了结论的正确性。     

运动舰船的电场测量

从理论和实验上对起源于防腐措施的舰船电场已进行了一些研究,但主要是针对近场,实测也是在静态进行．对运动舰船的电场分布、数量级及信号形式尚未见到文献报道．作者根据一次对海上运动舰船的电场测量结果,对上述问题作了一些研究．依据实验现象和测量到的信号特征,提出初步理论分析．理论分析与实验数据基本符合,说明运动舰船产生的感应电场是可以测量的．     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

Country survey XVI the defence sector in the economy of a declining superpower: Soviet Union and Russia, 1965-2001

The Soviet Union was able to develop a large military-industrial complex and become the world's second superpower despite deficiencies in its centrally planned economy because defence was given high priority status and special planning, rationing and administrative mechanisms were used to attain national security objectives. However, in the period 1976-85 the effectiveness of priority protection diminished and defence institutions experienced more of the problems typical of the shortage economic system. The heavy defence burden also created growing difficulties for the civilian economy. The attempts by the Gorbachev government to reform the defence sector and improve defence-economic relationships during perestroika (1985-91) uniformly failed. For most of the transition period, the Russian military-industrial complex has been adversely affected by its low priority status, cuts in defence spending, instability of the hybrid politico-economic system, and negative growth of the economy. The armed forces and defence industry have been reduced in size and their outputs of military services and equipment have fallen to low levels. Nevertheless, the Russian armed forces still have over one million troops, significant stocks of sophisticated conventional weapons, and a large nuclear arsenal. The government of President Putin has raised the priority of the defence sector, increased real defence spending, and adopted ambitious plans to revive Russian military power. It is likely, though, that tight resource constraints will hamper efforts to reform the armed forces and to upgrade weapons. By 2010 Russia will be an important, but not dominant, military power in Eurasia.     

Traffickers,terrorists, and a ‘new security challenge’: Russian counternarcotics strategy and the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade

The collapse of the Soviet Union precipitated the massive expansion of drug use and trade in Russia. The country now has one of the largest populations of injecting drug users in the world and has become the largest single-country market for Afghan heroin. In 2003 the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade was created to coordinate a comprehensive counternarcotics strategy appropriate to the scale of this threat. The service continues to face a number of challenges in its early stages of development. However, it has made considerable advances in improving responses to large-scale organised crime and in building international cooperation.