两相流喷管面积比和扩张段型面的优化计算

喷管面积比的选择和气动型面的设计是喷管设计中的一个重要课题。本文应用二维两相喷管流场计算程序和直接优化法,对喷管面积比及扩张段型面进行了二维寻优计算。计算表明:考虑二维两相流损失的推力最大的面积比要明显小于理论最佳面积比;对于锥形喷管,能量最佳面积比大于冲重比最大的面积比,而对于特性喷管,只是稍大一些;特性喷管的最优型面,就是最佳面积比下的最佳型面。     

导弹/火箭燃烧尾焰冲击特性计算研究综述

在导弹/火箭从点火到起飞过程中,其后的尾焰冲击发射装置迎气面可能导致发射装置的严重烧蚀,向尾焰喷射大量冷却水可以有效起到保护发射装置作用。针对导弹/火箭发射时燃烧尾焰冲击发射平台和喷水降温降噪问题,介绍了燃烧尾焰冲击特性计算步骤方法,通过对燃烧尾焰流场计算、燃烧尾焰对迎气面冲击流场计算和喷水情况下燃烧尾焰对迎气面冲击流场计算工作进行归纳整理、综合分析,总结论述了各种计算方法及其适用性。基于充分考虑发动机内部燃烧的影响,提出了适用于多喷管导弹/火箭的燃烧尾焰及其冲击流场和喷水对燃烧尾焰冲击流场影响的计算方法,便于流场计算区域网格构建,避免了大量重复计算和资源浪费。     

按经济性考虑设计推力终止反喷管

本文讨论反喷管相对喉面、反喷管轴线倾角对关车药量的影响以及关车药量的计算方法.通过例题进一步说明,在可能范围内选取较大的反喷管相对喉面和较小的倾角,可以提高发动机的质量比和节省推进剂.     

最大推力喷管原理

本文用严格的变分法导出了最大推力喷管出口控制面方程。并给出了在一定长度下,自由边界和固定边界问题的解。同时,还导出了最大推力喷管这个泛函极值问题解存在的条件。     

用LIIF法测量DF/HF化学激光器喷管混合性能的数值分析

激光诱导碘荧光(LIIF)是一种很好的流场测量技术,为了验证该方法测量化学激光器流场混合性能的精度,模拟得到连续波DF HF化学激光器的HYLTE喷管冷流场,并计算了用氦碘混合气体作为氧化剂流、用氦气作为燃料流的HYLTE喷管的流场。通过比较前一流场中的氟原子和后一流场中的碘分子的摩尔百分比分布情况得知,当作为氧化剂流的氦碘混合物中碘的质量百分比在54%左右时,用LIIF法测量DF HF化学激光器喷管的混合情况具有较高的精度。     

药柱中加入长金属丝的发动机设计中的几个问题

本文主要从设计的角度阐述了药柱中加入长金属丝的固体火箭发动机的一些新的特点。论述了金属丝布置位置的确定及金属丝根数的选择原则;初始药型及初始面喉比的选择;分析了喷管收敛段绝热层及喉衬的局部烧蚀问题;阐述了过渡段燃面变化的计算方法,并附有计算机程序。文中附有一些实验曲线。     

激光重复频率对吸气式多脉冲激光推进冲量耦合系数的影响

针对实验室已有的平顶抛物形喷管,数值模拟了单脉冲激光能量为500J时,不同激光重复频率下的激波流场演化过程,分析了喷管内激波流场对后续脉冲的影响,得到了冲量耦合系数随激光重复频率的变化规律。结果表明:激光重复频率在10～100Hz范围内,冲量耦合系数随频率的增加显著减小;在100～400Hz范围内,冲量耦合系数下降趋势变缓;随着脉冲数目的增多,喷管内气体密度降低,后续脉冲受到之前激波流场影响增大,推进性能降低。     

姿控发动机高空羽流流场DSMC仿真及算法研究

本文分析了高空羽流流场的特性，论述了ＤＳＭＣ方法的原理以及涉及到的关键技术，应用ＤＳＭＣ方法数值求解了喷管出口附近及倒流区流场。仿真结果表明ＤＳＭＣ方法能够精确描述这一区域的流场特性。     

燃烧室-喷管流场数值解

本文用时间相关法计算了固体火箭发动机燃烧室─喷管亚跨声速流场数值解,控制方程用ＭａｃＣｏｒｍａｃｋ二步显格式：边界点参数用物理边界条件和参考平面上的特征方程计算。计算表明,达到收敛的数值积分步数比纯喷管的跨声速计算要多得多。虽然喷管壁上和轴线上的马赫数分布与纯喷管计算类似,但喷管中的等马赫线分布与纯喷管计算的结果［３］相差较远。     

水速对潜射导弹出筒流场和弹道影响

为了研究水流速度对潜射导弹出筒过程的影响,基于混合多相流模型、Singhal空化模型和导弹动网格技术对不同流速下导弹弹射出筒过程流场进行数值计算,获得了考虑肩部空化现象的导弹出筒多相物理现象和发射装置载荷。结果表明,流速带来了流场的不对称;随着流速的增加,迎流面空泡长度减小,背流面空泡长度增加;导弹迎流面壁面压强大于背流面压强,从而形成侧向力,弹体在水流方向发生偏转。研究结果对于水下发射理论研究和工程应用具有指导意义。     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

Country survey XVI the defence sector in the economy of a declining superpower: Soviet Union and Russia, 1965-2001

The Soviet Union was able to develop a large military-industrial complex and become the world's second superpower despite deficiencies in its centrally planned economy because defence was given high priority status and special planning, rationing and administrative mechanisms were used to attain national security objectives. However, in the period 1976-85 the effectiveness of priority protection diminished and defence institutions experienced more of the problems typical of the shortage economic system. The heavy defence burden also created growing difficulties for the civilian economy. The attempts by the Gorbachev government to reform the defence sector and improve defence-economic relationships during perestroika (1985-91) uniformly failed. For most of the transition period, the Russian military-industrial complex has been adversely affected by its low priority status, cuts in defence spending, instability of the hybrid politico-economic system, and negative growth of the economy. The armed forces and defence industry have been reduced in size and their outputs of military services and equipment have fallen to low levels. Nevertheless, the Russian armed forces still have over one million troops, significant stocks of sophisticated conventional weapons, and a large nuclear arsenal. The government of President Putin has raised the priority of the defence sector, increased real defence spending, and adopted ambitious plans to revive Russian military power. It is likely, though, that tight resource constraints will hamper efforts to reform the armed forces and to upgrade weapons. By 2010 Russia will be an important, but not dominant, military power in Eurasia.     

Traffickers,terrorists, and a ‘new security challenge’: Russian counternarcotics strategy and the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade

The collapse of the Soviet Union precipitated the massive expansion of drug use and trade in Russia. The country now has one of the largest populations of injecting drug users in the world and has become the largest single-country market for Afghan heroin. In 2003 the Federal Service for the Control of the Drugs Trade was created to coordinate a comprehensive counternarcotics strategy appropriate to the scale of this threat. The service continues to face a number of challenges in its early stages of development. However, it has made considerable advances in improving responses to large-scale organised crime and in building international cooperation.