从盒子炮到九二式

轻武器是指由单兵和班组携行使用的战斗武器,主要包括枪械和近战武器,在各国军队中轻武器的装备数量都是最大的。枪械是轻武器装备的主体,在革命战争年代乃至建国后相当长的时间内,都是我军步兵使用的主要武器装备。值此建军80周年之际,特以手枪、步枪、机枪为切入点,结合不同的历史时期,对我军轻武器装备的发展作一简要回顾。从中可以看出我军轻武器装备从最初的"以缴获为主的万国枪展"到现在"独立自主、门类齐全"的发展脉络,更可体会到我军轻武器科研工作者的执着与艰辛。     

中国周边国家的轻武器

中国周边国家既有发达国家,也有发展中国家。这些国家的轻武器是整个世界轻武器的缩影。这里择其有代表性的俄、日、印、韩、越五国,通过对它们的剖析,可以窥见轻武器装备的现状及其发展的大致走向在从涡去到现在的战争中,轻武器都发挥了应有的作用。在未来的战争中,这种武器同样不可缺少。因此,许许多国家都在积极发展轻武器。使其不断创新,跃上一个又一个新台阶     

单兵班组多平台协同作战应用研究

未来的单兵战场将是以单兵班组为中心,无人武器平台、信息化轻武器平台、智能弹药等多平台协同作战的战场,多元化的作战要素势必带来作战体系的复杂化,因此,对各作战要素合理协调的应用将是提高整体作战效能的关键。从协同作战对象以及作战需求出发,对传统的作战模式进行了分析,提出了对未来协同作战模式的构想,并分别从侦察、指挥、打击3个环节研究了侦指打一体化的协同作战应用,也为未来单兵信息化装备、无人作战系统等轻武器装备的发展提供一定的参考。     

论新世纪我国轻武器标准化工作思路

根据轻武器及其标准化现状,提出了我国轻武器装备标准化发展思路,即摈弃传统的在单一武器基础上开展标准化研究的方式,而以武器装备系统为中心,以标准技术群为基础,建立标准化平台研究模式;并且提出:轻武器研究要强化“三化”设计思想,重视接口技术,这是提高我国轻武器装备整体水平和研究设计水平不可忽视的重要环节。     

中国兵器工业第二○八研究所

中国兵器工业第二○八研究所(简称208所)隶属于中国兵器装备集团,成立于1960年,坐落于北京市昌平区,是国家仅有的轻武器研究所。历经半个世纪的积淀和发展,已经成为集论证、设计、试制、试验、检测于一体的综合型研究所,是轻武器行业顶层开发和总体设计单位,牵头研制了我军主要轻武器装备,为军队和国防现代化建设做出了重要贡献。208所同时作为国家反恐装备研发基地和反恐科研产品验收测试评价试验基地,是反恐装备行业的顶层设计单位.构建了反恐装备研发体系,使我国首次成体系、成系统地开展反恐装备的研发工作。     

没有准星打得更准——新型光电火控系统给轻武器安上“火眼金睛”

现代战争要求步兵分队在自己的作战距离内,对各种点面目标应具有很高的精确打击能力,因此要求轻武器装备必须具备先进的观察、测距、瞄准等功能,这就要求轻武器在结构、技术方面不断改进。其中最引人注目的是光电火控系统在轻武器装备上的应用。它标志着轻武器向现代高新技术领域迈出了至关重要的一步。     

浅析在信息化条件下作战对轻武器装备系统功能的需求

轻武器装备是指单兵或班组携行的战斗武器装备。纵观近期几场信息化条件下局部战争,不难看出轻武器装备的地位及作用并未降低,相反,对其战斗性能提出了更高的需求。     

中国兵器工业第二0八研究所

中国兵器工业第二0八研究所（简称208所）隶属于中国兵器装备集团,成立于1960年,坐落于北京市昌平区,是国家仅有的轻武器研究所。历经半个世纪的积淀和发展,已经成为集论证、设计、试制、试验．检测于一体的综合型研究所,是轻武器行业顶层开发和总体设计单位,牵头研制了我军主要轻武器装备,为军队和国防现代化建设做出了重要贡献。     

中国兵器工业第二〇八研究所

中国兵器工业第二0八研究所(简称208所)隶属于中国兵器装备集团,成立干1960年.坐落于北京市昌平区,是国家仅有的轻武器研究所。历经半个世纪的积淀和发展.已经成为集论证、设计、试制、试验、检测于一体的综合型研究所,是轻武器行业顶层开发和总体设计单位,牵头研制了我军主要轻武器装备,为军队和国防现代化建设做出了重要贡献。     

未来轻武器发展趋势分析与探讨

21世纪初叶的战场将是陆、海、空、天、电磁“五维一体”的战场。轻武器是未来战场上步兵作战的主要武器之一，结合国际新形势下轻武器的发展趋势，未来战争的战术技术要求的改变、现代科学技术的发展以及新材料、新工艺的开发利用，对轻武器未来的发展将如何不断得到更新、发展和完善，以适应未来战争的需要进行探讨。     

ARMING THE REVOLUTIONARY UNITED FRONT

On 7 July 1999, the government of Sierra Leone and the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) signed the Lomé Peace Agreement to end the civil war. A central component of this agreement called for the RUF to disarm. A year later, the RUF leader, Foday Sankoh, was in custody and the future of the peace accord in grave doubt. Far from disarming, all parties have been rearming at an alarming rate, in contravention of a 1997 UN arms embargo and despite a regional moratorium on the production, procurement and sale of small arms and light weapons. The political and security situation remains extremely fragile. This article explores the ease with which small arms and light weapons can be obtained, and questions the efficacy of existing armament and disarmament policies. Given the availability of arms, the weakness of the current government, the relative strength of the RUF, and the fluidity of alliances among the country's armed groups, the likelihood of continued conflict in Sierra Leone is great.     

先进无人战斗机(UCAV)系统概念

先进无人战斗机系统是指正在发展和将要发展的无人战斗机系统。无人战斗机系统主要由携带武器的无人飞机、用于人工控制无人飞机的控制站和将系统连接起来保持与战术环境相联系的数据网络组成。在未来战争中,无人战斗机系统的主要作战使命是空防压制、纵深打击和"空中占领"。在研制过程中需要解决自主飞行、信息传输与处理等关键技术。     

The financing factor in military trade

Available sources value transfers of weapons irrespective of whether they are paid for and how. Data from the U.S. indicates that the shares of arms given for free or on credit are high. If other arms exporters, all military aid and all credits used for military purposes are considered, which is done here on the basis of rough estimates and an opportunity cost model, the true cash costs of weapons in the year of the actual transfer are small. On the other hand, the financial burden of earlier arms imports via debt service has grown over time. It most probably exceeded the true cash cost of imports of arms in the late 1980s. Large differences between arms transfer data and the actual true costs of arms transfers means that analysis of the economic effects of arms imports without considering these financial aspects makes little sense.     

ARMS CONTROL CONTINUUMS

In July 2001, member states will gather in New York for the UN Conference on the Illicit Trade in Arms in All its Aspects. It represents part of the effort to establish controls on small arms and light weapons. This article argues that it is possible that nuclear and conventional arms control represent two ends of a continuum, with common goals and a common set of mechanisms and processes at work. A decade after the end of the Cold War, it is not surprising that the international community is working on mechanisms to deal with conventional arms. The existence of a continuum and connections between conventional and nuclear arms control is less evident. The two arms control communities appear to function in isolation of each other. The return to the debate on small arms and light weapons echoes post-World War I and II periods. The fact that small arms control is back on the agenda within the context of the UN may signify recognition that any kind of arms control serves the same purpose—preventing and mitigating the effects and duration of, and bringing an end to conflict.     

THE CHANGING MEANING OF SMALL ARMS IN NUER SOCIETY

The economic value, social status and symbolic meaning of small arms are particular and temporal in nature. This is demonstra ted through a historical account of the dynamics of cultural change and adaptation in Nuer society. Specifically, the article shows how attitudes towards small arms shif ted over time from a positive valuation of guns as prestigious objects, to ambivalence between the need for protection and the experience of increased local lawlessness and violence. More generally, it demonstrates how weapon-rela ted activities can only be fully understood when seen against a specific cultural background. Even if the display, use and circulation of weapons appear to carry cross-cultural references, typically as expressions of power and masculine identity, the meaning is always primarily local. Therefore, strategies to reduce the destructive impact of small arms through demand side programs, based on voluntary participation, can only be carried out successfully if built on an in-depth understanding of a particular cultural context.     

REGULATING SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS

One of the biggest challenges currently facing the developing world is the proliferation of small arms and light weapons. Arms control and disarmament have been part of the diplomatic agenda since the middle of the 19th century and were two of the most important issues facing the world's major powers during the 1960s and 1970s. When the Cold War ended, different instruments had been developed to negotiate the control over nuclear, chemical, biological and conventional weapons. However, the proliferation of small arms and light weapons poses new challenges to the international system. While control over legitimate use is laudable, the major problem relates to the illicit proliferation external to the state system. To address this challenge, international and national law faces the challenge of regime creation, and of the implementation and enforcement of international and national standards. Possible approaches to regime creation are discussed in this essay and recent examples are provided of how these were applied in practice to the issue of small arms and light weapons by the OAS, ECOWAS, SADC, the OAU and in East Africa.     

ANGOLAN DEADLOCK

Children on the African continent have suffered immensely from the proliferation and misuse of small arms, including death, injury, displacement, separation from families, loss of access to health, humanitarian and educational services, and lack of economic opportunities. Further, over 300,000 children serve as child soldiers, relying on small arms as their tools of war. The international community has worked to establish protections for children for over 50 years, yet children continue to suffer. The recent UN Special Session on Children adopted ‘A world fit for children’, which, in combination with the Programme of Action agreed upon at the July 2001 UN Conference on Small Arms, begins to address a comprehensive approach to eliminating the negative impacts of small arms proliferation on children in conflict.     

READY,SET, TRACE

Tracing small arms and light weapons has been identified as an important component in reducing the illicit trafficking of weapons to regions of conflict as well as use in violent crime. At the national, regional and international levels policy makers and practitioners are working to make tracing more effective. This article outlines some of the key elements of an effective tracing regime and reviews where areas of agreement currently exist. It concludes with observations on some of the challenges facing countries as they try to implement these systems and respond to the problem of illicit arms trafficking.     

INTEGRATING NUCLEAR WEAPONS STOCKPILE MANAGEMENT AND NUCLEAR ARMS CONTROL OBJECTIVES TO ENABLE SIGNIFICANT STOCKPILE REDUCTIONS

In his 2009 Prague speech and the 2010 Nuclear Posture Review, President Barack Obama committed the United States to take concrete steps toward nuclear disarmament while maintaining a safe, secure, and effective nuclear deterrent. There is an inherent tension between these two goals that is best addressed through improved integration of nuclear weapons objectives with nuclear arms control objectives. This article reviews historical examples of the interaction between the two sets of objectives, develops a framework for analyzing opportunities for future integration, and suggests specific ideas that could benefit the nuclear weapons enterprise as it undergoes transformation and that could make the future enterprise compatible with a variety of arms control futures.     

The Gravity of Arms

The aim of this paper is to investigate the determinants of international arms transfers in a gravity model framework. By distinguishing between the decision to export arms (extensive margin) and the value of the arms exported (intensive margin), while also considering its interdependence, is what differentiates this paper from previous research. A theoretically justified gravity model of trade augmented with political and security motives is estimated using a two-stage panel data approach for 104 exporting countries over the period from 1950 to 2007. In addition to the usual gravity variables related to the economic mass of the trading countries and the trade cost factors, the model is extended with political and security factors. The level of democracy in both trading partners, political differences between trading partners and voting similarity with the United States in the UN General Assembly of the countries engaged in trade are the main political factors, whereas the existence of conflicts, military pacts, and embargoes are taken as security motives. The key result indicates that both political and security motives are an important determinant of an arms trade, but their effects on the extensive margin of exports (the decision to order a transfer) differs from their effect on the intensive margin (average value of exports). Moreover, the relative importance of the factors under study has changed since 1989. In the post-cold war period, countries that are less democratic are more likely to export arms, military pacts are less relevant and embargoes play a role.