五阶HWCNS格式在低速复杂流场中的应用

采用五阶精度显式HWCNS格式求解雷诺平均NS方程，利用多块对接结构网格技术，对30P-30N多段翼型进行网格收敛性研究，在不考虑转捩的情况下采用SA一方程湍流模型研究HWCNS格式与二阶精度MUSCL格式对该翼型压力分布和典型站位速度型的影响，并与实验结果进行对比分析。采用HWCNS格式和SA一方程湍流模型模拟梯形翼高升力构型低速复杂流场，通过对总体气动特性和压力分布的分析，探讨五阶精度显式HWCNS格式在低速复杂外形流动中的应用能力。     

突风扰动下的扑翼气动功耗和效率变化

针对突风对扑翼飞行器气动性能的影响,开展了前向、侧向和竖直方向突风中扑翼的气动功耗和效率变化研究。首先基于简化的生物翅几何和运动模型,构建了不同方向、强度的突风模型。之后采用计算流体力学方法获得了突风方向及强度对扑翼气动力、功耗及效率的影响。最终结果表明,在所研究的突风强度范围内,前向突风引起的扑翼瞬时气动功耗增幅可达33%,但突风对扑翼平均气动功耗和效率的影响不大;从翼根到翼尖的侧向突风相比反方向的侧向突风所引起的气动功耗增加和气动效率降低更加明显;向下的突风尽管能够降低扑翼的气动功耗,但也同时降低了扑翼的气动效率。此外,突风对扑翼平均气动功耗的影响可以用与突风方向相同、大小等于突风平均速度的定常来流进行模拟,它们对扑翼平均气动功耗的影响是相近的。     

基于直接力控制的无人机抗侧风着陆研究

摘 要：分析了无人机采用大展弦比、短机身、小垂尾的气动布局对着陆和操纵性的影响。建立了侧风存在时的无人机横向着陆模型;依据主动控制思想,提出了前垂直鸭翼和方向舵组合的直接力控制无人机抗侧风着陆的方案,并通过仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性。     

高超声速巡航飞行器纵向气动特性分析

吸气式高超声速巡航飞行器机身/发动机一体化特性使得气动一推进系统之间存在强的耦合作用,这种耦合影响着飞行器气动性能、稳定性和控制.针对耦合对飞行器特性的影响,建立了机身一发动机一体化模型,并进行了气动-推进界面划分.在此基础上,分别计算了高超声速巡航飞行器在进气道打开,发动机不工作以及进气道打开,发动机工作两种状态下的纵向气动特性.仿真结果揭示了高超声速巡航飞行器气动一推进系统之间的耦合以及耦合作用对飞行器气动性能、稳定性的影响.     

滑翔增程炮弹的气动布局与外形参数优化设计分析

为提高滑翔增程炮弹的滑翔距离,要对滑翔增程炮弹的气动布局和外形参数进行优化设计.研究了滑翔增程炮弹的总体气动布局方案,以全弹的升阻比为优化目标函数,建立了滑翔增程炮弹的气动外形参数优化设计方法.仿真结果表明,采用该方法确定的气动外形参数,有利于滑翔增程炮弹稳定性适当,操纵性良好,稳定性与操纵性、舵偏角与平衡攻角匹配较好.研究结果为滑翔增程炮弹的气动布局和外形参数设计提供了理论依据.     

Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型在高超声速气动加热计算中的应用

将AUSM+格式与LU SGS隐式迭代相结合,采用一方程的Spalart Allmaras湍流模型和二阶迎风MUSCL格式,研究了火星"探路者号"实验模型在10马赫来流条件下的气动热问题。采用量热完全和热完全两种气体模型的计算结果与实验数据进行了比较。热完全气体模型模拟的热流分布规律与实验吻合较好,但是对分离区的热流估计过高。在网格合理划分,尤其是满足近壁面的网格分辨率要求的前提下,该方法能够合理反映高超声速流场除分离区以外的气动热特性。     

不同磁浮列车外形的气动性能比较

上海磁浮列车由于流线型车头较短,气动性能并不理想,根据国内厂家给定的列车横断面尺寸和对气动性能的要求,对国产磁浮列车气动外形进行多方案设计,通过求解三维可压N-S方程和k-ε双方程湍流模型,对提出的磁浮列车各种外形方案的气动性能进行数值模拟计算,并根据计算结果进一步改进气动外形,如此反复,直至得出气动性能和外观最优的磁浮列车外形。在最终选定的三种设计方案中,方案3由于水平投影轮廓线较窄、最大纵剖面轮廓线曲率较小,其整车空气阻力和列车交会压力波都较其它两种方案要小,因此为最佳的气动外形方案。通过比较分析,此次选用的国产磁浮列车外形,列车以430km/h运行时三节车总的空气阻力为33.84kN,而上海磁浮列车为54.07kN;国产磁浮列车最大列车交会压力波幅值为2913Pa,而在同等条件下上海磁浮列车为3827Pa,其气动性能明显优于上海磁浮列车。     

五阶HWCNS在低速复杂流场中的应用

采用五阶精度显式混合加权紧致非线性格式求解雷诺平均NS方程;利用多块对接结构网格技术,对30P-30N多段翼型进行网格收敛性研究。在不考虑转捩的情况下,采用SA一方程湍流模型研究混合加权紧致非线性格式与二阶精度MUSCL格式对该翼型压力分布和典型站位速度型的影响,并与实验结果进行对比分析。采用混合加权紧致非线性格式和SA一方程湍流模型模拟梯形翼高升力构型低速复杂流场,通过对总体气动特性和压力分布的分析,探讨五阶精度显式混合加权紧致非线性格式在低速复杂外形流动中的应用能力。结果表明,对30P-30N三段翼型,采用全湍流模拟方法可以得到较好的压力分布;对梯形翼高升力构型,在附着流和边界层小分离情况下混合加权紧致非线性格式有较好的模拟能力。     

喷水推进新型对称双螺杆泵转子型线设计

为了解决喷水推进系统噪音高、体积大、压头小、工艺复杂、效率低等问题,在分析了目前常用双螺杆泵转子型线的基础上,利用齿轮啮合原理,设计制造出一种对称的四齿双螺杆转子型线.该型线由长幅外接线、短幅外摆线、渐开线和圆弧组成,呈对称分布.圆弧主要起削平摆线和渐开线之间过渡尖点的作用,能有效地提高转子的强度、耐磨性和密封性.对称...     

液晶聚硅氧烷/硅油稀流体电流变效应的研究

利用Williamson醚合成方法制备了烯丙氧(对乙氧基)联苯,并以其为单体采用催化加聚合成了侧链型联苯聚硅氧烷,并对其结构进行了表征,证实该物质具有液晶性.研究了液晶聚硅氧烷/硅油稀流体的电流变效应,研究发现:该流体具有液晶型电流变液剪切变稀的现象;由剪切应力与剪切速率的关系可以看出,在2kV/mm电场作用下随着剪切速率的增大,产生的剪切应力越大;随着侧链液晶聚硅氧烷/硅油流体重量比的增大,在2kV/mm电场的作用下该流体的剪切应力也增大.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.     

Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma

This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work.     

基于GTST-DMLD-ESD的装备RMS建模仿真

装备的RMS是装备的重要设计参数,是影响战备完好和保障能力的关键因素.引入GTST-DMLD作为主要建模工具,建立起装备系统的RMS描述模型,以ESD为补充和扩展,对维修过程进行建模.并以GTST-DMLD-ESD模型作为装备RMS仿真的核心,对装备RMS仿真模型的总体框架进行了研究,并对各模块进行了较为详细的探讨.     

Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities

ABSTRACT

What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer.     

The UK,interrogation and Iraq, 2003–2008

The UK’s interrogation operations during the conflict in Iraq (2003–2008) are often portrayed by the media as involving significant amounts of mistreatment. This article demonstrates that these practices are not necessarily representative of the UK’s interrogation operations across this conflict. In doing so it contributes to the limited literature on the practice of interrogation and on the UK’s combat operations in Iraq. The UK’s interrogation capability, and therefore its intelligence-gathering capability, is shown to have rested primarily with the military’s Joint Forward Interrogation Team (JFIT). The JFIT suffered from limitations to the number, training and experience of its interrogators and interpreters. It is argued that maintaining a permanent, higher level of preparedness for interrogation by the British armed forces is desirable.     

Remembering and forgetting Mirambo: Histories of war in modern Africa

ABSTRACT

While the study of organised violence is considered essential to understanding the history of the West, and accordingly imbued with various layers of meaning and remembrance, war is widely regarded as inimical to the modern nation in Africa and stable development more broadly. Using examples drawn from primarily from East Africa, this paper considers the ways in which warfare in the deeper (‘precolonial’) past has been framed and envisioned in recent decades, in particular by governments whose own roots lie in revolutionary armed struggle and who began life as guerrilla movements. While in some cases particular elements of the deeper past were indeed mobilised in pursuit of contemporary political goals, in many other scenarios histories of precolonial violence were beheld as problematic and unworthy of remembrance. This paper highlights the paradox and ambiguity which has attended the memory of key aspects of Africa’s deeper past.