再生分辨矩阵与决策熵的不完备决策系统属性约简

为了有效地解决不完备决策系统的属性约简问题,提高属性约简的效率,提出了基于再生分辨矩阵与决策熵的不完备属性约简算法。该算法利用基于容差关系的分辨矩阵来计算相对核,通过再生分辨矩阵计算再生集和再生集属性来缩小加入约简集的条件属性选择范围,以再生集属性的分辨度和决策熵为依据,选择加入约简集的条件属性,并通过实例进行验证分析。结果表明,该算法适用于协调不完备决策系统与不协调不完备决策系统,能够有效地降低时间复杂度,并得到最优属性约简。     

杂合数据的粗糙集属性约简方法

针对决策表中属性取值为杂合数据的情况,提出了基于粗糙集理论的属性约简算法.首先给出了对象间在杂合数据下的相似度计算定义.为了获取合理的对象集合的软划分,给出了阈值计算的最优化模型,并基于粗糙集的上、下近似的概念,得到对象集合在条件属性下的上、下近似的覆盖划分.之后,通过各对象基于条件属性和决策属性的上、下近似下的分布矩阵描述,利用最大分布矩阵,直观地得到两种不同观点下的约简结果.实验结果表明了本算法的合理和有效性.     

属性约简与近似集的关系研究

上近似和下近似是在粗集理论中最基本的概念,而粗集理论的主要思想又是在保持分类能力不变的前提下通过对属性的约简导出问题的决策和分类规则。本文讨论了属性的约简和相对约简与上近似和下近似的关系,并在此基础上提出了一种新的相对约简———保近似约简。     

粗糙集理论的支持向量机建模研究及应用

结合粗糙集的属性约简和支持向量机的分类机理,提出了一种混合算法.将粗糙集理论中的属性约简引入到支持向量机中来,把粗糙集作为支持向量机的预处理器,先降低原问题的维数,以支持向量机方法建立预测模型.提高了SVM的推广能力,减少存储空间,加快了支持向量机的训练速度,取得了满意的预测结果.     

粗糙集和FSVM结合的雷达信号识别法

结合粗糙集的属性约简和支持向量机的分类机理,研究了一种混合算法,即应用粗糙集的属性约简过程作为预处理器,可以把冗余的属性及值和冲突的对象从决策表中删去,但不损失任何有效信息;由于传统支持向量机在多分类问题时出现的不可分区域现象,使用了模糊支持向量机进行后面的分类建模和预测,使得训练时间大大缩短和分类性能显著提高。将这种混合方法应用到雷达信号识别中,仿真实验证明该方法是有效的。     

一种高效的不协调决策表约简算法

目前,不协调决策表的分布约简、最大分布约简和分配约简算法复杂度较高,不适合处理大数据集。在分析已有算法基础上,分析了基于相对可区分度的属性重要性度量的性质,解决了正域度量属性重要性的缺陷。针对不协调决策表,给出了多种简化协调决策表的定义,从而大大缩减了约简的实例数。以相对可区分度为启发函数构造了一种高效完备的不协调决策表约简算法。理论分析和实验结果表明,该约简算法解决了现有算法在复杂度和属性重要性度量上的缺陷,适合处理不协调的大数据集。     

基于特征相似度的同步发电机绝缘故障诊断

以同步发电机为分析对象,利用粗糙集可有效地处理和分析不精确的信息和知识的优点,从历史信息和决策中进行了特征量选取以及属性约简.对于无法处理的属性约简,采用条件限制得到能够有效反映属性的重要程度特征量,并以此计算特征量权重系数,消除主观因素的影响.在此基础上,针对励磁绕组绝缘故障,选择与设备健康状态直接相关特征作为判断对象,与同机组历史数据进行相似度分析,计算得到了其故障因子.设计出快速判断相关状态的算法,给出了判定准则并进行了编程实现.实验验证表明:该诊断算法能够对设备故障进行有效判定.     

依据部分属性值的空中目标威胁快速排序方法

针对空中目标威胁排序问题,提出了一种依据部分属性值即可对目标威胁进行快速排序的方法.首先选取具有代表性的样本数据作为案例库;然后确定条件属性和决策属性,在利用K-均值聚类算法对决策属性进行离散化后,提出了一种针对连续条件属性值的全局离散化方法,并对离散化后的案例库进行属性约简并得出决策规则;最后将待排序目标各属性值进行...     

基于粗集和最大熵的模式识别方法

用基于属性约简的粗集理论找出条件属性的最小属性集。对属性间为不确定因果关系的模式,计算在最大熵情况下发生的概率,通过比较概率来进行模式识别,实例分析和结论部分说明这种方法是有效的。     

设备健康状态评估指标体系约简方法

针对设备健康状态评估涉及指标多、指标间关系复杂的问题,提出基于粗糙集和遗传算法的设备健康状态评估指标体系约简方法.将粗糙集理论和遗传算法相结合,对设备健康状态评估指标进行约简的同时,提高约简效率.某燃气轮机健康状态评估指标体系约简案例显示,该方法能够在不失代表性、系统性的前提下,将复杂指标体系约简为较为简洁、明了的指标体系,保持评估结果准确的同时减少信息收集工作量.     

An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974

The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola.     

国内外结构钢焊条研究的现状与发展

本文主要介绍了国外焊条的现状和发展趋势,包括焊条的高韧性、高效率、低尘低毒和耐吸潮性能,为国内的焊条研究提供了参考依据。     

A Sign of Victory?: ‘Scottish Swords’ and Other Weapons in the Possession of the ‘Auld Innemie’

Many late medieval documents, notably inventories of arms and armour, of Englishmen contain references to ‘Scottish swords’ and other weapons. What did the compilers of these documents mean when they described a weapon as ‘Scottish’? How did such weapons come to be in the possession of these men? This article will attempt to explain this phenomenon drawing on primary documentary sources and surviving material culture from Glasgow Museums’ collections and others, as well as artworks from the period.     

Helping hands: civil–military cooperation and Italy's military operation abroad

In the Post-Bipolar Era the growing complexity of the military operations requires a new approach for the resolution of international crises. Since the end of the Cold War, peace support operations (PSO) have become the mainstay and principal occupation of most Western armies. At the same time, Italy has been one of the most important actors in such an area. The article focuses on the cooperation between military and civil components (a process called CIMIC) as a key variable in the Italian PSOs. We will analyse in detail the main lessons learned from past military interventions as well as the general context in which new tendencies are taking place. The maintaining of a minimum security frame becomes essential to fulfil activities ‘collateral’ to the mission: reconstructing services and infrastructure, food distribution, water and medication, law and order, de-mining, training of local forces, and supporting local institutions. These are the main tasks to obtain thrust and support from the population.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Cyberpower in Strategic Affairs: Neither Unthinkable nor Blessed

Abstract

This article explores the effect of connectivity on strategic affairs. It argues that the effect on war's character is potentially, although not yet shown in practice, considerably large. Its effect upon the distribution of power among states in the international system is small, contrary to the claims of ‘cyberwar’ alarmists. All told, however, its effect upon strategic affairs is complex. On the one hand, it represents a significant advance in the ‘complexification’ of state strategies, understood in the sense of the production of intended effects. On the other hand, strategists today – still predominantly concerned with the conflicts and confrontations of states and organised military power – are generally missing the power which non-traditional strategic actors, better adapted to the network flows of the information age, are beginning to deploy. These new forms of organization and coercion will challenge the status quo.     

Tacit support for terrorism: The rapprochement between the USSR and Palestinian guerrilla organizations following the 1967 war

This article demonstrates the inconsistent and wavering Soviet attitude towards national liberation movements in general and the Palestinian organizations in particular. Until the late 1960s, the Soviets viewed these organizations with suspicion, hesitating to engage in political dialogue with them. However, in the 1970s, political and military events in the region, as well as modifications in the Kremlin's Cold War strategies, led to a general shift towards the Middle East in Soviet foreign policy. Soviet leaders showed increased willingness to provide certain Palestinian organizations with arms with which to conduct terrorist activities against Israeli, pro-Israeli, Jewish and Western targets. The article explores the complex relations between Palestinian organizations and the USSR in the field of international terror. The study also exposes and analyzes the nature and content of Soviet–Palestinian arms dialogues and transactions. It provides clear evidence that Soviet policymakers and other luminaries were fully informed of, and sometimes directly involved in, these transactions and dialogues at the highest levels.     

A1 Qaeda and the radical Islamic challenge to western strategy

The September 11 global crisis prompted by the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raises major questions concerning the nature and trajectory of terrorism in the post-Cold War global order. Hitherto, terrorism has been largely debated by analysts at the level of nation states. Terrorist and insurgent movements have also been largely anchored in nationalist and ethnic power bases even when they have sought to mobilise a transnational ideological appeal on religious or class grounds. There have been a few exceptions to this pattern such as the alliance between the German Baader-Meinhof group and the Japanese Red Army Faction, but even such international alliances as this did not, until at least the 1980s, presage anything like a global terrorist network necessitating a global strategic response. This study examines terrorism and global strategic responses.