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61.
One branch of the reliability literature is concerned with devising statistical procedures with various nonparametric “restricted family” model assumptions because of the potential improved operating characteristics of such procedures over totally nonparametric ones. In the single-sample problem with unknown increasing failure rate (IFR) distribution F, (1) maximum-likelihood estimators of F have been calculated, (2) upper or lower tolerance limits for F have been determined, and (3) tests of the null hypothesis that F is exponential have been constructed. Barlow and Campo proposed graphical methods for assessing goodness of fit to the IFR model when the validity of this assumption is unknown. This article proposes several analytic tests of the IFR null hypothesis based on the maximum distance and area between the cumulative hazard function and its greatest convex minorant (GCM), and the maximum distance and area between the total time on test statistic and its GCM. A table of critical points is provided to implement a specific test having good overall power properties. 相似文献
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One important thrust in the reliability literature is the development of statistical procedures under various “restricted family” model assumptions such as the increasing failure rate (IFR) and decreasing failure rate (DFR) distributions. However, relatively little work has been done on the problem of testing fit to such families as a null hypothesis. Barlow and Campo proposed graphical methods for assessing goodness of fit to the IFR model in single-sample problems. For the same problem with complete data, Tenga and Santner studied several analytic tests of the null hypothesis that the common underlying distribution is IFR versus the alternative that it is not IFR for complete data. This article considers the same problem for the case of four types of censored data: (i) Type I (time) censoring, (ii) Type I1 (order statistic) censoring, (iii) a hybrid of Type I and Type I1 censoring, and (iv) random censorship. The least favorable distributions of several intuitive test statistics are derived for each of the four types of censoring so that valid small-sample-size α tests can be constructed from them. Properties of these tests are investigated. 相似文献
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The assignment of personnel to teams is a fundamental managerial function typically involving several objectives and a variety of idiosyncratic practical constraints. Despite the prevalence of this task in practice, the process is seldom approached as an optimization problem over the reported preferences of all agents. This is due in part to the underlying computational complexity that occurs when intra-team interpersonal interactions are taken into consideration, and also due to game-theoretic considerations, when those taking part in the process are self-interested agents. Variants of this fundamental decision problem arise in a number of settings, including, for example, human resources and project management, military platooning, ride sharing, data clustering, and in assigning students to group projects. In this article, we study an analytical approach to “team formation” focused on the interplay between two of the most common objectives considered in the related literature: economic efficiency (i.e., the maximization of social welfare) and game-theoretic stability (e.g., finding a core solution when one exists). With a weighted objective across these two goals, the problem is modeled as a bi-level binary optimization problem, and transformed into a single-level, exponentially sized binary integer program. We then devise a branch-cut-and-price algorithm and demonstrate its efficacy through an extensive set of simulations, with favorable comparisons to other algorithms from the literature. 相似文献
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This article examines challenges in international nuclear safeguards pertaining to the timely detection of highly enriched uranium production at large-scale gas centrifuge enrichment plants. To establish where present gas centrifuge enrichment plant safeguards measures and approaches could be strengthened, we have created a discrete time model for simulating hypothetical misuse scenarios, both through transient phases and at steady-state. We find that timely detection of misuse at modern large-scale facilities presents a challenge for international safeguards. A toolbox of unattended measurement systems, along with remote monitoring, however, could be used to improve detection timeliness, enabling the initiation of follow-up activities, potentially on a rapid time scale. These measures, which would need very low false alarm rates, should be implemented in a graded approach, depending on the characteristics of each enrichment plant and an analysis of plausible acquisition paths for the State in which it is situated. Some of these technologies could provide significant benefit to plant operators. 相似文献
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This paper empirically examines whether the aging of a fleet affects operational availability and operating cost using a unique data-set on the 117 47-foot Motor Lifeboats (MLBs) of the United States Coast Guard (USCG). Procured from 1997 to 2003, the 47-foot MLB is the standard lifeboat of the USCG and all 117 MLBs remain in service. The aging of the MLB fleet has resulted in higher annual operating costs and lower operational availability, although the nature of this relationship remains unclear. Our estimation strategy utilizes an error components estimator to examine these issues. We employ three variants of the dependent variables (i.e. the standard logarithmic transformation as is most commonly seen in the literature, inverse hyperbolic sine [IHS], and level outcomes). The point estimates from the standard logarithmic model finds operational availability for the MLBs decreases at a rate between 0.83 and 1.8% per year and cost increases at a rate between 0.33 and 7.81% per year. Similar effects are shown with the IHS and level outcome specifications. In terms of nonlinearity effects, we find the most pronounced changes in operational availability and cost occur for MLBs aged 15 years or more (in comparison to younger MLBs). 相似文献
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Robert Johnson 《Small Wars & Insurgencies》2014,25(3):647-668
This article addresses Western recruitment and management of personnel from non-Western countries in armed forces as part of a strategy of state stabilisation, examining its risks and benefits. ‘SFA’ (Security Forces Assistance) to indigenous forces has long been practised by the West and seems to have returned in recent years in a new form with the creation of armies in Iraq and Afghanistan. However, while providing cheap, proxy substitutes for the West and offering opportunities for state-building, the policy creates its own problems and can have significant, negative consequences. 相似文献