A study of flames with millimeter-wave radiation

It is a valuable issue to explore whether a flame can radiate microwaves, in spite of the electric field formed in the flame. Presented herein is an experimental study on a series of flames with millimeter-wave radiation in the combustion of pyrotechnic films. The pyrotechnic films were composed of ultra-fine red phosphorus (P), sodium nitrate (NaNO₃), Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and some additives such as chopped carbon fibers (CFs) and aluminized glass fibers (GFs). The combustion temperatures and millimeter-wave radiation signals of the flames were measured, the millimeter-wave emissivity and spectral radiant exitance were calculated to describe the millimeter-wave radiation intensity. The results demonstrate that the flame of the pyrotechnic films based on P/NaNO₃/CFs can radiate millimeter waves, and different materials and their proportion have a great effect on the millimeter-wave radiation intensity.     

Combustion of B4C/KNO3 binary pyrotechnic system

Presented herein is an experimental study on the combustion of B4C/KNO3 binary pyrotechnic system.Combustion products were tested using X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS).According to the results of tests and CEA calculation,the combustion reaction equation was established.The flames and burning rates were recorded by a high speed camera and a spectrophotometer.The effect of B4C particle size on the thermal sensitivity of B4C/KNO3 was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)techniques.In addition,a reliable method for calculating the flame temperature was proposed.Based on the results of experiments,the combustion reaction mechanism was briefly analyzed.The burning rate,flame temperature and thermal sensitivity of B4C/KNC3 increase with the decrease of B4C particle size.The mass ratio of B4C/KNO3 has a great effect on combustion properties.Oxidizer-rich compositions have low flame temperatures,low burning rates,and provide green light emission.The combustion reactions of fuel-rich compositions are vigorous,and the B4C/KNO3 with mass ratio of 25:75 has the highest burning rate and the highest flame temperature.     

浅谈“B-2”隐身战略轰炸机

把注意力集中于首次使用于科索沃战争中的B-2战略轰炸机,对其隐身性能、突防能力及其使用弱点进行了研究,并对B-3战略轰炸机的发展作了分析.     

Controllable combustion behaviors of the laser-controlled solid propellant

Microsatellites have been widely applied in the fields of communication,remote sensing,navigation and science exploration due to its characteristics of low cost,flexible launch mode and short development period.However,conventional solid-propellant have difficulties in starting and interrupting combustion because combustion is autonomously sustained after ignition.Herein,we proposed a new type of solid-propellant named laser-controlled solid propellant,which is sensitive to laser irradiation and can be started or interrupted by switching on/off the continuous wave laser.To demonstrate the feasibility and investigate the controllable combustion behaviors under different laser on/off conditions,the combus-tion parameters including burning rate,ignition delay time and platform pressure were tested using pressure sensor,high-speed camera and thermographic camera.The results showed that the increase of laser-on or laser-off duration both will lead to the decrease of propellant combustion performance during re-ignition and re-combustion process.This is mainly attributed to the laser attenuation caused by the accumulation of combustion residue and the change of chamber ambient temperature.Simultaneously,the multiple ignition tests revealed that the increased chamber ambient temperature after combustion can make up for the energy loss of laser attenuation and expansion of chamber cavity.However,the laser-controlled combustion performance of solid propellant displayed a decrease trend with the addi-tion of ignition times.Nevertheless,the results still exhibited good laser-controlled agility of laser-controlled solid propellant and manifested its inspiring potential in many aspects of space missions.     

1D study of the detonation phenomenon and its influence on the interior ballistics of the combustion light gas gun

One-dimensional simulations with a detailed hydrogen-oxygen reaction mechanism have been performed to investigate detonation phenomenon in a combustion light gas gun (CLGG). Convection fluxes of the Navier-Stokes equations are solved using the WAF (weighted average flux) scheme HLLC Riemann solver. A high resolution fifth-order WENO scheme for the variable extrapolation at the volume interface and a fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme for the time advancement are used. Validation tests of the stoichiometric hydrogen-oxygen deflagration to detonation transition process shows good agreement between the computed results and the analytical and documented solutions, demonstrating the reliability on the detonation simulation of the current scheme. Simulation results of the interior ballistic process of the CLGG show that the flame propagation experiences three distinct stages. The blast detonation wave causes a high-pressure shock and hazardous oscillations in the chamber and makes the projectile accelerate with fluctuations, but has only a small improvement to the muzzle velocity.     

Influence of multiple structural parameters on interior ballistics based on orthogonal test methods

Influence of multiple structural parameters on the performance of a gun launch system driven by high-pressure reactive gases is important for structural design and performance adjustment. A coupled lumped parameter model was utilized to predict the propellant combustion, and a dynamic finite element method was applied to approximate the mechanical interactions between the projectile and the barrel. The combustion and the mechanical interactions were coupled through a user subroutine interface in ABAQUS. The correctness and the capability of the finite element approximations in capturing small structural changes were validated by comparing predicted resistance with experiments. Based on the coupled model, the influence of structural parameters of a medium-caliber gun on the system performance was investigated. In order to reduce the research costs, orthogonal tests were designed to investigate the comprehensive effects of the parameters. According to statistical analysis, the important order of the structural parameters on the launching process was obtained. The results indicate that the influence of the width of the rotating band stands out among the studied parameters in the gun. The work provides a method to investigate the influence of multiple parameters on system performance and gives guidance for controlling the system performance.