Country Survey XIII: Japan's security posture and defense industry prospects

Defense budgets in Japan have been complicated compromises from numerous inputs ‐ including threat perceptions, domestic industrial/technological base development, support for the bilateral security treaty with the United States and internal bureaucratic politics ‐ but with the fall of the former Soviet Union, the clearest justification for higher spending disappeared. Double‐digit defense spending increases that were common in the 1980s have been replaced by annual increases lower than present inflation rates, resulting in negative real growth in the country's defense budget. Domestic economic problems and consistent government pressures for smaller budgets have further slowed annual growth in total spending and have contributed to lower procurement budgets. As a result, the domestic Japanese defense industry is facing far more constrained conditions from the growth years of a decade before.

Government policymakers are examining Japan's regional security environment as well as its alliance with the United States to determine the appropriate course for the country to take in the coming years. The formal security treaty with the United States is likely to remain a major element of government positions, but other aspects of the country's overall security posture are open to debate. Perceptions of a reduced threat environment are fueling additional pressures for defense budget cuts.

The domestic defense industry seeks means to assure its survival in domestic defense markets in this constrained environment. Expansion into overseas markets to offset declining domestic markets is an option that currently is constrained by policy restrictions on arms exports. Industry is advocating re‐examination of those policies and unlike earlier years, government appears willing to respond positively but cautiously to this lobbying.     

NATO Territorial Ballistic Missile Defense and its Implications for Arms Control

ABSTRACT

Since 2002, NATO's territorial missile defense has evoked continuous debates between NATO states and the Russian Federation. Thirteen years have passed without reaching a common denominator. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the historical background of the debate and the technical details of the missile defense system, highlighting its shortcomings and the state of its deployment process. It also contrasts the military-technical and political arguments of both sides, before addressing the applicable norms of international law to highlight violations and the effect of this noncompliance on existing arms control measures.     

Assessing Capabilities in International Politics: Biased Overestimation and the Case of the Imaginary ‘Missile Gap’

How states assess the capabilities of their adversaries and rivals is of paramount importance to the theory and practice of international relations. This paper presents a framework for understanding why states overestimate the capabilities of their adversaries. Three types of overestimation are presented, consisting of conscious/rational, erroneous and biased overestimation. In order to demonstrate the phenomenon of biased overestimation in international politics, the case of the ‘Missile Gap’ (1957–61) controversy in the United States is examined.     

基于压缩感知原理的融合判别信息的协作表示方法

提出了一种用于视觉分类任务的低计算复杂度且有效的图像表示方法。把协作表示和判别信息结合在统一框架内,是基于协作表示分类方法的一种扩展形式。测试样本的协作表示系数是稀疏的,这种基于冗余和过完备的表示对于遮挡和伪装而言是鲁棒的;此外,通过最小化类内散布矩阵和最大化类间散布矩阵的判别信息的挖掘,对于视觉分类问题也是很有帮助的。在一些基准数据库上的实验表明,提出的方法相对于现有的方法而言能够获得更有竞争力的表现。     

“This program will not be a threat to them”: Ballistic Missile Defense and US relations with Russia and China

Although the Obama Administration has differed from its predecessor in a number of respects, on the specific issue of Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD), there is a striking continuity. The Obama Administration has remained committed to the BMD project, even as it has modified the schedule of deployments and prioritized different systems from the Bush Administration. Significantly, this has led to Chinese and Russian balancing in the nuclear sphere. As a result, there is evidence of a security dilemma-type dynamics in US relations with China and Russia. At present, there is no study that analyzes Russian and Chinese hard internal balancing against the USA in the sphere of missile defense during the Obama Administration. This article fills this gap.     

美国舰载标准系列导弹对海军防空导弹发展的影响

美国海军现役的标准导弹是一个庞大的系列,主要型号从标准1一直到标准6,每个主要型号又在不同的时期发展出多种改进型。它不仅是美国海军当前的主力舰空导弹武器装备,还出口到多个国家和地区,是世界上装备量最大、应用最为广泛的舰空导弹系统。本文主要结合标准系列导弹的发展历程,分析了标准系列导弹对世界海军防空导弹装备发展的深远影响。     

基于梯度方向二进制模式的空间金字塔模型方法

空间金字塔模型由于其优势在当前图像分类中得到了广泛应用。然而,其码本生成和特征量化这两个环节具有较高的计算复杂度。为了解决这个问题,提出了一种新的局部特征表述———梯度方向二进制模式,首先对图像稠密采样得到多个子图像块,再将每个子图像块均匀划分为2×2个网格,计算每个网格的梯度直方图,然后对所有网格的梯度主方向进行二进制编码并连接为二进制串值,该二进制串值转换的十进制数即为子图像块的特征表述,最后将该特征表述嵌入到SPM模型中。在标准分类数据库上的实验结果证明了本方法在算法耗时和分类精度上均优于基于SIFT的SPM方法。     

构建警种部队应急救援信息系统向“能打仗、打胜仗”聚焦

随着建设现代化武警部队的逐步推进,各警种部队信息化装备不断发展,引进和研发了许多不同类型、不同规模的信息系统。如何合理整合运用这些系统使之尽快生成应急救援能力,是当前部队和院校面临的重大课题。建设警种部队应急救援信息系统,发挥信息系统优势向“能打仗、打胜仗”聚焦,是实现统一指挥、快速反应、科学用兵、科学施救、密切协同的根本保证。     

中远程空空反辐射导弹的战术问题

提出了一种用普通战机挂载中远程空空反辐射导弹,对抗雷达探测距离占有绝对优势的先进飞机或隐身飞机的新战法,并计算最大发射距离.该战法是在被敌方机载雷达截获并面临导弹威胁的情况下,主动发射空空反辐射导弹攻击目标辐射源,然后进行置尾机动,破坏来袭导弹的中制导,使它脱靶,达到消除来袭导弹的威胁和攻击对方的双重效果.     

试论军事征用对象

军事征用是国防动员的一项重要内容,是维护国家国防利益的重要手段。目前,我国军事征用法律制度还不完善,军事征用对象的范围尚存争议。为保障军事征用制度的实践发展和明确军事征用补偿的范围,需科学界定军事征用的对象。立足我国立法现状,从内涵、外延和分类三个角度对军事征用对象的概念作初步探讨。