Kazakhstan's Nuclear Decision Making, 1991–92

This article examines Kazakhstani nuclear decision making from December 1991 to May 1992. The study is based on unique archival data and reveals how Kazakhstan's policy makers solved a nuclear dilemma that the nation faced in its first years of independence. The article reconstructs the internal policy-making process behind the decision made by President Nursultan Nazarbayev and his circle of advisors to accept non-nuclear status. The author argues that Almaty elaborated a deliberately ambivalent strategy toward the republic's nuclear status with the aim of maximizing the state's strategic interests. The article reviews external pressures affecting Nazarbayev's course of action and discusses policy options articulated during this period.     

Special Section: Nuclear Stability In South Asia

The question of nuclear stability in South Asia is a subject of both academic and policy significance. It is the only region in the world that has three, contiguous nuclear-armed states: India, the People's Republic of China, and Pakistan. It is also freighted with unresolved border disputes. To compound matters, all three states are now modernizing their nuclear forces and have expressed scant interest in any form of regional arms control. These issues and developments constitute the basis of this special section, which explores the problems and prospects of nuclear crisis stability in the region.     

Strategic “defensivism” and post-reset blues: US–Russian nuclear arms reductions,missile defenses and minimum deterrence

US nuclear deterrence and arms control policy may be moving, by design and by inadvertence, toward a posture of strategic “defensivism”. Strategic “defensivism” emphasizes the overlapping and reinforcing impact of: (1) reductions in US, Russian and possibly other strategic nuclear forces, possibly down to the level of “minimum deterrence,” (2) deployment of improved strategic and/or theater antimissile defenses for the US, NATO allies and other partners; and (3) additional reliance on conventional military forces for some missions hitherto preferentially assigned to nuclear weapons. This article deals with the first two of these aspects only: the interaction between missile defenses and offensive force reductions in US–Russian strategy and policy. The findings are that stable deterrence as between the USA and Russia is possible at lower than New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty levels, but reductions below 1000 deployed long-range weapons for each state, toward a true minimum deterrent posture, will require multilateral as opposed to bilateral coordination of arms limitations. Missile defenses might provide some denial capability against light attacks by states with small arsenals, but they still fall short of meaningful damage limitation as between powers capable of massive nuclear strikes.     

Pakistan’s nuclear weapons: how safe is safe enough? Transparency versus opacity

Due to expanding and increasing religious extremism and terrorism coupled with political instability in Pakistan, most western observers believe that Pakistan's nuclear weapons are not secure and could be taken over by terrorists. This would have adverse implications for the region and for global peace, especially for the security of USA and Europe. This article argues that this perception is based on a flawed understanding and knowledge of how Pakistan's command and control setup has evolved and operates. Pakistan's nuclear weapons are as safe as any other state's nuclear weapons. Pakistan has also been active in supporting and participating in global efforts to improve nuclear safety and security. Over the years, Pakistan has been quite open in sharing information regarding how it is improving its command and control system with western governments as well as scholars. This article argues that the steps Pakistan has taken to secure its nuclear weapons are adequate and that Pakistan would continue to further strengthen these measures; however, it is the expanding religious extremism, terrorism and anti-Americanism in the country which make the international perception of Pakistan extremely negative and then seep into the perception of Pakistan's nuclear weapons safety and security.     

馈能型悬挂综合性能评价研究

以提高车辆馈能型悬挂综合性能评价的有效性为目的,在分析悬挂减振性能评价和馈能型悬挂能耗特性的基础上,提出了一种考虑乘坐舒适性、操纵稳定性以及悬挂能耗的馈能型悬挂综合性能评价指标和方法。分别以线性和非线性悬挂为研究对象,对其性能进行了综合评价实例分析,验证了该评价指标和方法的有效性。     

交流电子负载的谐波间谐波机理分析研究

分析了馈能型交流电子负载谐波间谐波产生的机理,基于馈能型电子负载工作原理,对电子负载输出信号进行研究,得出输出信号含有谐波间谐波等多种成分.采用MUSIC算法估计电力谐波信号频率,针对电力信号实值的特点,对MUSIC算法进行相应改进,获得较高的检测精度,同时对比了FFT算法的频率估计结果,得出MUSIC对电力谐波信号尤其是间谐波等负载谐波具有更高的精度,对电力系统监测及电能质量评估有较大应用价值.     

重庆地区复合抛物面聚光型PV/T系统实验

为了能够更加高效地利用太阳能资源,在重庆地区设计并搭建了实验平台,对不同季节复合抛物面聚光型PV/T系统(CPC-PV/T)进行了实验研究。结果表明:尽管重庆地区太阳能资源匮乏,但加入复合抛物面聚光器后,PV/T系统的整体光电转换效率最高可达到17.07%,系统全天光热转换效率达到58.2%。因此,该地区在夏季进行太阳能光电热综合利用是完全可行的,春、秋季太阳较好的天气也可利用。     

2010年美国弹道导弹防御系统发展现状与趋势

2010年美国弹道导弹防御系统发展发生重大变化。从导弹防御发展策略入手,总结略有不同的一体化导弹防御系统建设进展,并结合一年来美国导弹防御系统发展动向,分析未来导弹防御系统的发展趋势。     

方孔蜂窝夹层板在爆炸载荷下的动态响应

通过有限元数值模拟方法,对方孔蜂窝夹层板在爆炸冲击载荷下的动态响应和变形机理进行了分析.在单位面积质量以及夹芯层的高度、宽度给定的情况下,得出了最优的夹芯层相对密度.在此相对密度下,夹层板吸收能量最多,下面板变形最小,夹层板的抗冲击性能最优.将单位面积质量相等的夹层板和实体板进行了对比分析,结果表明:夹层板具有更加优良...