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31.
    
Although most styles of military ethics are hybrids that draw on multiple ethical theories, they are usually based primarily on the model of Aristotelian virtue ethics. Virtue ethics is well-suited for regulating the conduct of soldiers who have to make quick decisions on the battlefield, but its applicability to military personnel is threatened by the growing use of unmanned weapon systems. These weapons disrupt virtue ethics’ institutional and cultural basis by changing what it means to display virtue and transforming the roles soldiers perform and the nature of the military profession itself. I argue that in light of these challenges to virtue ethics, at least as it is traditionally understood within the armed forces, soldiers operating unmanned weapons require a more heavily rule-based approach to military ethics.  相似文献   
32.
The surge in threats aided by or carried out through cyberspace has placed significant pressure on the intelligence community to adapt or leave itself open to attack. Indeed, many in both political and intelligence circles argue for access to ever greater amounts of cyber information in order to catch potential threats before they become real. By collecting all our digital information, the intelligence community argues that it is not only able to detail what people have done or are currently doing but also predict what their next move might be. However, the ethical implications are unclear and the backlash following Edward Snowden’s revelations have shown that such activities are not without controversy. This leaves the debate stuck between the important, ethical role that intelligence can play and the potential for its unrestrained use to cause undue harm. This paper will resolve this by giving greater detail to cyber-intelligence practices, highlighting the different levels of harm that the various intelligence operations can cause. The essence of this paper is not that cyber-intelligence should be banned outright, but that it can be justified given the necessary circumstances. Therefore, the paper will develop a specialised set of Just Cyber-Intelligence Principles, built on the just war tradition, to outline if and when such activities are justified.  相似文献   
33.
    
The U.S. spends billions of dollars in its security cooperation program to develop “professional, accountable, and capable security forces” in other nations, part of a grand strategy to improve global stability and counter violent extremism. Despite its great investment in professionalizing foreign militaries, however, the U.S. has no functional definition of military professionalism – a term that until now has been considered too vague and multi-faceted to operationalize. In this article, the author seeks to remedy this oversight, drawing from twenty years of security cooperation fieldwork in Latin America and Africa, as well as a vigorous literature review, to define four important components of military professionalism: (1) formal military education and vocational training, (2) military subordination to elected civilian officials, (3) knowledge and practice of the law of armed conflict and human rights law, and (4) a clearly established program of professional military ethics. This article provides guidelines for U.S. and European officials who work with partner nations to develop more professional military forces and, in particular, for officials managing security assistance programs with developing countries.  相似文献   
34.
    
Chapter 15 of the Xunzi stands as the most comprehensive account of the early Confucian analysis of warfare. Unlike a range of other early, non-Confucian discussions on warfare, particular strategies and tactics are taken to be of secondary importance. Thus, Xunzi refuses to discuss practical military strategy without framing it within a much broader ethical, social, and political context. On his account, a well-ordered, flourishing state necessarily rests upon a particular set of rituals and social norms in which people can cultivate themselves morally. Such a state has nothing to fear from any enemy, no matter how tactically sophisticated or militarily skilled. To many, such a view seems overly optimistic. However, given that Xunzi is anything but Pollyannaish in other parts of the text and is quite pessimistic about human nature in general, it behooves us to dig a bit more deeply into his ideas about military affairs and examine whether they can be understood in a more plausible light. This article provides a reading of Xunzi’s views on military affairs that is internally consistent and corresponds with Xunzi’s broader ethical and political views, while also showing why someone of Xunzi’s obvious intellectual acumen might hold such a view.  相似文献   
35.
为提高雨水资源利用效率,建立节约型生态校园,结合南京政治学院西校区雨水回收利用生态工程应用实例,对校区所在地的自然环境、降雨特征进行了调查和分析,并根据校区建设规划和使用需求,对西校区的水量平衡进行了计算,确定了雨水收集总量和模式,设计了雨水循环净化工艺,使回收雨水达到中水水质标准。该雨水回收利用生态工程的应用,在节约水资源的同时,既能满足校区绿化浇灌、道路及广场清洗等需要,又降低污染、改善生态环境,取得了较好的经济、环境与社会效益。  相似文献   
36.
马克思生态文明思想阐明了人和自然的关系,要求人们要树立正确的生态意识,尊重自然,按客观规律办事,达到人与自然的和谐统一。这一充满智慧的生态文明思想,为人类走出生态危机、实现可持续发展提供了理论指导,对明确发展的科学内涵,完善生态文明建设制度体系,创造良好生态环境,具有重要的现实意义。  相似文献   
37.
生态润滑剂:可持续发展的必然选择   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
在介绍润滑剂对环境和健康危害的基础上阐明了发展生态润滑剂的重要性,指出改善矿物润滑剂生态效能、发展环境友好润滑剂是当前发展生态润滑剂的两个根本途径,必须加快矿物润滑剂的生态化进程,大力发展环境友好润滑剂,重视润滑剂的生态设计。  相似文献   
38.
本文阐述了生态旅游的内涵以及我国发展生态旅游的现状,提出了生态旅游发展中应注意的问题。  相似文献   
39.
工业文明在给人类带来物质繁荣的同时,又把人类引入了难以克服的自然、社会、环境灾难中,可持续发展应运而生.继承科技进步和生产力发展的文明成果,顺应世界经济一体化和西部开发的历史潮流,发挥兵团的制度和地域优势,用可持续发展战略推动兵团经济跨越式发展,理应成为兵团迎接西部开发的基本原则.  相似文献   
40.
在工程院校网络文化构建中,充分发挥伦理教育功能是素质教育的重要内容。工程伦理教育作为人文教育与科技教育交叉结合的新学科,要求高校尤其是工程院校在网络文化构建中,确立科学的教育理念、正确的舆论导向,多学科交叉配合,培育学生树立社会责任感,正确的价值观、利益观和强烈的伦理道德意识。  相似文献   
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