对消防行政处罚法律依据适用冲突的思考

消防行政处罚是消防执法中大量运用的一种执法行为,在处罚时存在法律依据的适用冲突。对“过失引起火灾,尚未造成严重损失”的消防行政处罚在适用时的法律冲突进行了思考,以便能够更好地执行处罚法定的原则。     

基于矩阵分析的D-S证据理论的多传感器雷达体制识别

采用不确定推理的矩阵分析方法,建立了用于雷达体制识别的多传感器数据融合的数学模型,提出了一种基于矩阵分析的多传感器信息融合的新算法,结合多传感器多测量周期的雷达体制识别给出了具体的实例.识别结果说明了该算法的有效性.     

基于粗集理论证据加权的电子目标识别法

在对电子目标进行识别时,往往采取多传感器融合的D2S证据理论进行处理,但是由于传统的D2S证据理论中各传感器对识别结果的重要性没有区分,基于此将粗集理论属性重要度概念应用到各传感器的重要性上,从而实现加权融合的证据理论。仿真实验及其结果表明该方法对电子目标识别是有效的,尤其在传感器受到干扰时,具有较强的现实意义。     

多源目标识别中冲突证据的融合策略研究

随着防空反导作战环境的日益复杂,快速准确地进行真假目标识别显得尤为重要。针对多源目标决策级识别中冲突证据融合问题,在综合分析现有改进证据理论方法的基础上,引入新的冲突度量系数,提出了一种通过在融合流程中增加智能判断环节,以冲突系数为判断依据,对具有不同冲突系数证据选择不同组合规则进行证据组合的融合方法,并给出了策略的流程图。最后进行了实例验证,结果表明新策略能对不同未知信度和不同识别框架冲突证据进行快速有效的融合。     

基于协商的Agent资源冲突消解算法研究

针对分布式规划系统中Agent计划的资源冲突问题,研究了资源冲突的分类;基于Agent协商理论,从资源最优配置的角度,论证了最优的协商策略,提出了可重复利用的不可分享型资源的冲突消解算法,较好地解决了Agent分布式规划中出现的一类资源冲突问题。算例表明,给出的冲突消解算法是有效的。     

一种简单有效的处理冲突证据的D-S改进方法*

D-S证据理论在决策级信息融合领域有着广泛的应用,但其在合成冲突证据时会出现与直观结论不符的现象。通过深入分析D-S证据理论合成冲突证据时的失效原因,提出了一种简单有效的改进方法。通过主观权重和客观权重的综合得到不同证据的信任度,以此确定冲突证据及对应的折扣度并对其进行折扣度修正,使合成结果快速向正确类型收敛。仿真结果表明,同已有方法相比,本文方法特别适合具有少数冲突证据的情况,其合成结果更加符合直观判断。     

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND VIOLENT INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT: 1875–1999

This paper extends the joint product model of military alliances to apply to the new strategic doctrine adopted by NATO in the 1990s. In particular, a choice must be made between protecting one's own territory and pooling forces for an alliancewide rapid reaction force. This new model accounts for a host of externalities and their implications for burden sharing, full financing, and allocative efficiency. The Pigouvian taxes that adjust for force thinning and attack deflection are shown to finance optimal border‐protecting forces under a variety of circumstances. Second‐best considerations arise owing to the pure publicness of rapid reaction forces. The ideal toll arrangement does not currently characterize NATO financing, nor is it likely to do so.     

Traditional structures of crime control in Lagos,Nigeria

Notwithstanding the embrace of modern institutions of social control, traditional social control mechanisms still enjoy patronage in Nigeria. This paper examines the traditional structures of social control in Iraye-Oke, Lagos. In-depth interviews, key informant interviews and case studies were used to obtain data from participants. Findings established the functionality of traditional structures in checking crime and its preference over the use of modern social control structures. Traditional structures used include: traditional spiritualists who provide measures to reduce victimisation; the family courts where adjudication takes place involving elders and family chiefs; and the apex traditional court, presided over by the king, where cases like murder, land disputes, adultery and fornication are decided. Traditional extrajudicial measures involve the invocation of ancestral spirits at shrines.     

UNAMID: an African solution to a complex case of geopolitical dynamics

This article examines the geopolitical dynamics associated with the African Union (AU) and United Nations hybrid operation in Darfur (UNAMID) from the start of the Darfur conflict in 2003 until the time when UNAMID became fully operational in 2011. It provides an overview of the complex forces and geopolitical dynamics that affected the deployment of UNAMID and shaped its unique hybrid character. It mainly highlights those primary geopolitical factors that hindered the full deployment of UNAMID. It is concluded that this period was a showcase for the newly established AU and its support for its member states, as well as a new approach for the international community to maintain international peace and security in alliance with regional organisations.     

Nuclear weapons,existential threats,and the stability–instability paradox

Recent scholarship has largely ignored systematic differences in the existential threats that nuclear-weapon possessors pose to other states. This study theorizes that the capacity to pose existential threats shapes nuclear-armed states’ willingness to use military force against one another. We explore three hypotheses regarding how nuclear-based existential threats can deter conflict or encourage it, including under the conditions proposed by the stability–instability paradox. We rely on a statistical analysis of nuclear-armed dyads from 1950 to 2001 and employ the Nuclear Annihilation Threat (NAT) Index to capture variation in the existential threats nuclear-armed states pose to one another. We find that being able to pose an existential threat to another state emboldens potential initiators to use military force but does not deter attacks. The emboldening effects are particularly strong under the hypothesized conditions of the stability–instability paradox. Our study provides unique contributions to ongoing debates over the political effects of nuclear weapons.