THE MORAL PERMISSIBILITY OF AUTOMATED RESPONSES DURING CYBERWARFARE

Automated responses are an inevitable aspect of cyberwarfare, but there has not been a systematic treatment of the conditions in which they are morally permissible. We argue that there are three substantial barriers to the moral permissibility of an automated response: the attribution, chain reaction, and projection bias problems. Moreover, these three challenges together provide a set of operational tests that can be used to assess the moral permissibility of a particular automated response in a specific situation. Defensive automated responses will almost always pass all three challenges, while offensive automated responses typically face a substantial positive burden in order to overcome the chain reaction and projection bias challenges. Perhaps the most interesting cases arise in the middle ground between cyber-offense and cyber-defense, such as automated cyber-exploitation responses. In those situations, much depends on the finer details of the response, the context, and the adversary. Importantly, however, the operationalizations of the three challenges provide a clear guide for decision-makers to assess the moral permissibility of automated responses that could potentially be implemented.     

学生思想品德的结构、形成与发展研究

学生的品德主要是在社会舆论的熏陶下和家庭教育、学校教育的作用下形成的,是社会现实在人脑中的反映。学生的思想品德发展是人的全面发展的重要组成部分。学生思想品德的结构、形成和发展问题,是教育工作者应研究的重要课题之一。     

试论道德教育对提升文化软实力的价值

科学价值观的缺位,对文化软实力造成了现实冲击。道德教育可以从以下三个方面发展和提升文化软实力：端正文化软实力的价值取向,使它坚持为人民服务、为中国特色社会主义服务、为人类可持续发展服务;传播意识形态、繁荣科学技术、落实典章制度、纯净民情风俗及对各部分间关系的调节,优化文化软实力的价值结构;增强道德责任感、培养社会公德意识和扩大道德行为,促进文化软实力的价值实现。     

大学生独处道德、闲暇道德状况与对策

独处道德、闲暇道德是个人情境中的道德,是人类道德体系中独特的方面。大学生独处道德反映着大学生独处生活的要求及其内涵。大学生闲暇道德反映着大学生对闲暇时间的安排、对闲暇活动的选择与评价,以及对闲暇活动意义的认识与态度。它们是大学生思想道德建设重要组成部分。本文从在校大学生独处道德、闲暇道德调查现状出发,进行具体分析与研究,并有针对性地提出相关对策和建议。     

当代大学生思想道德状况分析

当代大学生思想道德状况的主流是好的,是积极、健康、向上的。但是,也有部分学生世界观、人生观、价值观出现了偏差,呈现出许多思想和道德问题。当代大学生思想道德问题由多方面原因导致,只有社会、学校、家庭等各方面齐抓共管,共同努力,才能使大学生思想道德素质得到进一步的改善和提高。     

浅析媒体道德缺失

改革开放以来,我国传媒业得到了飞速发展,与人们的生活日益密不可分、休戚相关。随着国际潮流的传播和国内媒体产业化的发展,媒体也不可避免地给受众带来一些负面影响,出现一些道德缺失现象。只有有关部门进一步加强监管力度,不断加强媒体从业者的政治素质、业务素质和职业道德修养,加强受众的媒体素养教育,才能最大限度地减少媒体道德缺失带来的负面影响。     

当代中国警卫人员道德人格养成的路径

警卫人员道德人格具有政治性、公共性、自觉性、示范性的显著特点,其道德人格养成路径选择的原则包括：理想教育与现实关怀融合,内在修养与外在教化统一,政治修养与道德修养共进,社会、单位、家庭三者和谐等;其道德人格养成路径选择的方法包括：氛困营造法、主体实践法、心理引导法等。     

Dynamic regulation on innovation and adoption of green technology with information asymmetry

This study investigates a regulator's dynamic policy to motivate firms' research on and adoption of green technology. In the proposed model, a firm makes unobservable efforts and can hide the technology's arrival from the regulator to avoid adoption costs. We find that the optimal policy follows a simple structure and induces part-time efforts, rather than the maximal effort reported in previous studies. In particular, the regulator should offer no subsidy before the arrival of a technology report, provide a one-time subsidy contingent upon that report, and always set a termination deadline. At the deadline, the firm is forced to select an external option that is associated with social costs. The optimal report-based subsidy decreases with time. Under the optimal policy, the firm works until an effort deadline, makes no effort thereafter, and reports the technology as soon as it arrives. This study also characterizes the necessary and sufficient conditions under which the optimal policy reduces to one that leads, in terms of throughout time, to effort that is maximal or minimal. Our results indicate that policymakers should implement a policy that compensates firms more in the present and less in the future.     

思想道德修养与法律基础课教学改革探析

《思想道德修养与法律基础》课是高校思想政治理论课课程体系的重要组成部分。为了完善《思想道德修养与法律基础》课的教学,要认真探索改革方案,以科学定位为前提,以更新教学内容为核心,提高教师素质,改进教学方法,完善评价体系。     

大学生闲暇生活及闲暇教育初探

健康的闲暇生活对大学生知识和能力的提升具有重要意义。目前高校大学生闲暇生活质量不高,这直接影响到大学生身心健康、综合素质和全面发展。本文从大学生闲暇生活现状入手,客观分析了闲暇生活存在内容简单、质量不高、层次较低、结构失衡、缺乏目的性和应有的规划等偏差,提出高校必须充分重视闲暇教育,把大学生的闲暇教育纳入教育教学体系,依托学生组织开展丰富多样的闲暇教育活动,提高大学生闲暇生活的质量,促进其全面发展。