环烷酸铅作为润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能研究

环烷酸铅具有良好的抗磨损能力和减摩性能,其中含铅量为２０％的环烷酸铅添加剂使基础油的抗磨性能提高４０％,减摩性能提高３０％。ＳＥＭ分析显示钢球磨痕和犁沟较浅,且有含铅沉积物生成。由此推断出有机铅盐在摩擦副表面形成吸附膜,且部分吸附膜发生摩擦化学反应,产生了其有抗磨减摩作用的铅氧化物转化膜,从而起到了改善摩擦磨损性能的作用。     

航天器软件的研发路线

航天器自主能力构建面临着需求不断增多、多变、复杂化、未知的发展趋势,需要在软件研发方式和架构设计上做出改变.在分析已有的4种研发路线的基础上,提出第5条路线,即基于模型化、数据化设计思想的研发路线;提出具有即插即用能力的业务模型,采用电子数据单技术自底向上构建设备级和功能业务级的即插即用能力;以智能规划业务为例说明了业...     

Currency Warfare and Just War: The Ethics of Targeting Currencies in War

ABSTRACT

Is Currency Warfare defined as, the use of monetary or military force directed against an enemy’s monetary power as part of a military campaign, a just way to fight a war? This article explores the ethics of waging currency warfare against the Just War Tradition’s principles of jus in bello (just conduct in war) and its criteria of discrimination and proportionality. The central argument is that currency warfare is inherently indiscriminate but may be proportionate when policy makers consider the nature of the threat confronted and the targeted currency's level of internationalization, that is, to what degree it is used in foreign transactions or used as a foreign currency reserve. I evaluate this argument against historical cases during the Second World War (1939–1945), the Gulf War (1990–1991), subsequent operations against Saddam Hussein in the early 1990s, and the ongoing campaign against ISIS.