BUTTER,GUNS AND ICE‐CREAM THEORY AND EVIDENCE FROM SUB‐SAHARAN AFRICA

This paper is intended to complement the existing literature on civil wars. First, it presents a simple theoretical model of conflict that defines a two‐sector economy. In a contested sector, two agents struggle to appropriate the maximum possible fraction of a contestable output. In an uncontested sector, they hold secure property rights over the production of some goods. Agents split their resource endowment between ‘butter’, ‘guns’ and ‘ice‐cream’. Following the theoretical insights the empirical analysis focuses on the relationship between civil wars and different sectors of the economy. In particular, a panel probit specification shows that the incidence of a civil war decreases in the size of manufacturing sector.     

Country survey XII: South Africa

This article examines the relationship between defence expenditure and economic performance in South Africa, both prior to and after that country's first fully democratic election in 1994. Prior to 1994 defence expenditure decisions were largely dominated by non‐economic factors; since then defence spending has declined in reaction to, inter alia, the need to address a number of socio‐economic inequities.

After 1975 in particular, military industrialisation in South Africa placed a disproportionately high burden on the country's industrial resources and natural economic and technical capabilities. However, although this suggests that the opportunity cost of domestic arms production has been fairly high, the country's poor economic and development performance since the mid‐1970s is a function of underlying structural deficiencies and institutional constraints rather than the consequence of inordinately high defence spending levels.     

The causal nexus between military spending and unemployment in the G7: a bootstrap panel causality test

We revisit the causal relationship between military spending and unemployment in the G7 countries applying a bootstrap panel causality analysis that accounts for both cross-sectional dependence and for heterogeneity across countries. Using per capita real GDP as a controlled variable, we found a unidirectional causality running from military spending to unemployment for Canada, Japan, and the US, one-way causality running from unemployment to military spending for France and Germany, and bidirectional causality for Italy and the UK. The empirical evidence does not seem to provide consistent results regarding the causal relationship between military spending and unemployment in G7 countries.     

吊放声纳主动工作模式探测域建模与仿真

水声环境对于吊放声纳搜潜效果影响很大,以往的水声环境对吊声探测影响建模尚未涉及吊声立体探测域,不能为吊声搜潜战术研究提供有效支撑。在对声传播损失、海洋环境噪声和混响进行深入分析和建模的基础上,根据吊声探测机理建立了主动探测概率模型,仿真分析了吊声主动探测概率的三维空间分布,并提出了吊声搜潜战术应以三维非连续探测域为基础,结合战法实验等新手段进行不确定性研究的建议。     

装甲车辆运动姿态实时仿真系统设计与实现

系统基于计算机仿真技术构建装甲车辆运动时的虚拟战场环境,利用自动控制技术和虚拟现实技术实现对装甲车辆运动姿态的实时仿真,采用同步建模和实时动态仿真技术实现机电系统与视景的同步仿真,从而保证了平台振动位置与由视景运动产生的位置变化一致.通过软、硬件互补的优化设计,提高了系统的抗干扰能力,实现了高仿真度、高质量的仿真通用平台的研制.该系统模型结构完整,参数选取精细,量化科学,三维图形实时性好,模拟程度逼真,工作可靠,维护方便,通用性强.     

CORBA构件模型在指控系统中的应用

针对现有指控系统由于功能模块化设计导致模块间耦合性强、复用性差,系统开发效率低以及升级困难等问题,分析了应用CORBA构件模型(CCM)开发指控系统软件的可行性,建立了CCM构件与分布式中间件集成模板框架,并以WorkBench开发环境为例,给出了应用CCM进行指控系统构件开发、打包、部署等具体实现过程.实际应用表明:CCM在指控系统的有效应用,能够实现系统基于可重用构件设计的开发,不仅提高了系统灵活性、重用性和可配置性,而且简化了系统开发流程,缩短了开发周期,降低了开发成本.     

基于社会主义核心价值体系建设的文化哲学思考

每一种文化都有其独特的价值体系,文化的各个层面都受到价值体系的内在制约,价值体系在文化中处于核心地位.当前我们以社会主义核心价值体系引领思想文化建设,体现了我们党在全面推进中国特色社会主义伟大事业进程中高度的文化自觉.社会主义核心价值体系建设增强了民族认同,提升了文化软实力,凸显了文化传承与创新,促进了文化整合.     

新疆中小学少数民族双语教师组织承诺的现状研究

本研究通过问卷调查了新疆地区252名中小学少数民族双语教师的组织承诺现状。研究结果显示,新疆少数民族中小学双语教师的组织承诺总体较高,其中感情承诺、规范承诺、理想承诺和民族认同承诺均高于一般水平,而经济承诺和机会承诺均低于一般水平。在人口变量上表现如下特点：（1）男性的经济承诺显著高于女性,其他维度及总分上男女无显著差异;（2）不同民族的双语教师的组织承诺总分及各维度均无显著差异;（3）中专学历的双语教师的理想承诺显著高于大专及本科学历的双语教师,组织承诺总分及其他维度上均无学历上的显著差异;（4）重点学校双语教师的民族认同承诺及组织承诺总分均显著高于一般学校的双语教师;其他维度上无显著差异。     

新疆兵团地区小学科学课教师队伍建设及授课现状的调查分析——以石河子市为例

义务教育阶段新课程体系全面进入试验阶段,新课程理念对小学科学教与学提出了更高的要求。为了更好的了解小学科学课的实施现状,本研究以新疆石河子市为例,采用问卷调查、访谈和课堂观察等方法对对石河子市小学科学教师的师资队伍现状进行了调查。调查结果显示：石河子市小学科学师资匮乏;小学科学教师的专业背景较差;青年教师居多;授课能力较低;科学教师参加教研培训活动的次数少,质量低;学校对该课程重视度不高。针对这一现状提出了相应的改革建议。     

践行科学发展观，促进高校教学科研协调发展

科学发展观提出,要全面协调可持续发展。教学、科研作为高校的两大基本职能,如何正确处理二者之间的关系,关系到学校的办学定位和办学质量。本文总结了目前高校教学与科研关系的状况,分析了二者之间产生矛盾的原因,提出了促进教学科研协调发展的对策建议。