多孔介质中气体流量对流动阻力影响的实验研究

对空气在多孔介质(Pd/SiO2颗粒催化剂)中的流动阻力特性进行了冷态实验,研究了气体流量对流动阻力的影响.结果表明:催化剂厚度一定时,随着气体流量增大,多孔介质中的流动阻力也逐渐增大.经过与经典阻力计算公式对比,分析了偏差影响因素.最后,结合实验数据拟合出了适合管式反应器中流动阻力计算的半经验公式,能精确地预测颗粒填...     

带有状态滞后的连续广义系统的鲁棒正实控制﹡

对带有状态滞后的连续广义系统的严格正实性进行了分析,得出了这类系统渐近稳定且严格正实的充分条件,该充分条件与滞后无关。进一步地,对这类系统带有不确定性和控制量的情况进行了研究。提出了一种基于线性状态反馈控制的鲁棒正实控制器设计方法,使得控制器设计可以通过求解线性矩阵不等式方便地加以解决,且保证了闭环系统的严格正实性。最后,通过实例分析说明所提出的鲁棒正实控制器设计方法是可行的、有效的。     

遥测参数数据载荷状态判别集成学习方法

针对载荷单机设备遥测参数维度高、数据量大、存在类别不平衡、无法直观判别单机设备运行情况等问题,考虑到航天任务对可解释性的要求,提出一种基于信息增益参数特征选择和集成学习方法的载荷单机状态快速识别方法。采用统计量性质和信息增益子集搜索方法对遥测数据进行特征筛选降维,通过集成学习模型算法实现载荷单机设备状态的自适应识别分类。所提方法将信息增益的参数分类信息量评价准则和集成学习拟合能力强、类别不平衡下准确率高和抗噪能力强等优点相结合,兼顾模型特征和结果的可解释性,提供了重点参数发现功能。采用科学卫星任务真实载荷遥测参数数据对该方法进行了验证,整体识别准确率高于90%,少数样本亦可准确识别,整体效果可达到在轨任务要求,证明了所提方法的有效性和实用性。     

复合固体推进剂颗粒填充模型及其统计特性分析

复合固体推进剂属于高填充比颗粒类复合材料,氧化剂和金属颗粒在基体中的随机分布使其在细观尺度具有非均质的特点。从细观尺度研究固体推进剂燃烧及力学性能时,必须考虑颗粒级配、空间分布和种类等因素的影响。采用分子动力学方法,以硝酸酯增塑聚醚高能复合固体推进剂为研究对象,将固体颗粒模型化为球形,生成其在基体内随机分布的颗粒填充模型。利用Monte-Carlo算法模拟计算颗粒填充模型细观结构的两点概率函数,并研究了颗粒填充体积分数、尺寸与级配等参数对其的影响规律。从统计意义上给出具有各态历经性、统计均匀性和各向同性特点的颗粒填充构型最小周期性代表体元尺寸,可有效减小后续研究的计算量,节约计算成本。所构建的推进剂细观几何构型及对最小周期性代表体元尺寸的计算为后续开展复合固体推进剂细观尺度燃烧、燃面处铝团聚及力学性能数值研究奠定了基础。     

Recent advances in catalytic combustion of AP-based composite solid propellants

Composite solid propellants (CSPs) have widely been used as main energy source for propelling the rockets in both space and military applications. Internal ballistic parameters of rockets like characteristic exhaust velocity, specific impulse, thrust, burning rate etc., are measured to assess and control the performance of rocket motors. The burn rate of solid propellants has been considered as most vital parameter for design of solid rocket motors to meet specific mission requirements. The burning rate of solid propellants can be tailored by using different constituents, extent of oxidizer loading and its particle size and more commonly by incorporating suitable combustion catalysts. Various metal oxides (MOs), complexes, metal powders and metal alloys have shown positive catalytic behaviour during the com-bustion of CSPs. These are usually solid-state catalysts that play multiple roles in combustion of CSPs such as reduction in activation energy, enhancement of rate of reaction, modification of sequences in reaction-phase, influence on condensed-phase combustion and participation in combustion process in gas-phase reactions. The application of nanoscale catalysts in CSPs has increased considerably in recent past due to their superior catalytic properties as compared to their bulk-sized counterparts. A large surface-to-volume ratio and quantum size effect of nanocatalysts are considered to be plausible reasons for improving the combustion characteristics of propellants. Several efforts have been made to produce nanoscale combustion catalysts for advanced propellant formulations to improve their energetics. The work done so far is largely scattered. In this review, an effort has been made to introduce various combustion catalysts having at least a metallic entity. Recent developments of nanoscale combustion catalysts with their specific merits are discussed. The combustion chemistry of a typical CSP is briefly discussed for providing a better understanding on role of combustion catalysts in burning rate enhancement. Available information on different types of combustion nanocatalysts is also presented with critical comments.     

线性扩张状态观测器的改进及观测精度分析

为提高线性扩张状态观测器的观测精度,加快其收敛速度,从偏差控制的基本原理出发,提出了一种应用于自抗扰控制系统的改进型线性扩张状态观测器。该改进型线性扩张状态观测器将各状态变量与其观测值之间的偏差作为各状态变量的调节依据。给出了改进后的二阶和三阶线性扩张状态观测器的观测误差系统的稳定性证明,并进行观测精度分析。仿真结果表明,该改进型的二阶和三阶线性扩张状态观测器比传统的同阶次扩张状态观测器的收敛速度更快、观测精度更高。     

伞盘结构对大长径比发动机药柱结构完整性的影响

为了提高大长径比发动机药柱结构完整性水平,基于三维黏弹性有限元法,计算某大长径比固体发动机在温度和内压荷载联合作用下的结构响应;研究伞盘结构及其位置对药柱最大Von Mises应变的影响规律;讨论当伞盘位于药柱中部时,伞盘最大Von Mises应变随伞盘宽度、深度以及顶部圆弧半径比的变化规律。结果表明,伞盘位于药柱中部时可以有效地降低大长径比药柱的最大Von Mises应变,增加伞盘宽度、深度或选取合适的半径比均可降低伞盘结构的最大Von Mises应变。所得结论可为固体发动机设计提供参考。     

复杂网络节点重要度评估及网络脆弱性分析

提出一种基于节点状态演化级联失效模型的节点重要度评估和网络脆弱性分析方法。故障传递演化的内在机理是基础复杂网络变得脆弱的根源。在负载网络级联失效模型的基础上,提出一种能够实时跟踪节点负载状态,继而根据节点状态来重分配节点负载的重分配模型。提出基于节点状态演化的节点重要性评估和网络结构脆弱性分析方法,通过脆弱性分析结果找出网络的健壮性参数,并对此节点重要性评估方法进行失效分析。通过仿真实验验证方法的有效性。     

BTT导弹状态反馈H_∞控制自动驾驶仪设计

针对倾斜转弯(BTT)导弹自动驾驶仪的抗干扰性和鲁棒性问题,以考虑耦合的情况下建立的更接近于实际的导弹数学模型为基础,将通道间的耦合作为干扰,在弹道特征点上对导弹模型进行解耦和线性化,得到各个通道的数学模型;设计基于线性矩阵不等式(LMI)的状态反馈H_∞控制自动驾驶仪,搭建全耦合状态下的三通道仿真模型,并进行联合仿真研究。结果表明所设计的状态反馈H_∞控制自动驾驶仪能够实现对导弹制导指令的有效跟踪,满足BTT导弹控制的要求。     

Understanding the Legitimacy of Armed Groups: A Relational Perspective

Abstract

This paper analyses the multiple pathways through which legitimacy of armed groups is constructed in conflict-affected states. It adopts a political sociological approach to the study of armed group legitimacy. Such a strategy assists in identifying whether armed groups enjoy legitimacy in a given empirical context and avoids applying pre-determined normative criteria. The focus is on three types of relationships: civilian communities, the state or regime in power and external actors including regional and international sponsors, to discern which types of legitimacy matter for armed groups in different relationships.