A generic model of motor‐carrier fuel optimization

Fuel optimizers are decision models (software products) that are increasingly recognized as effective fuel management tools by U.S. truckload carriers. Using the latest price data of every truck stop, these models calculate the optimal fueling schedule for each route that indicates: (i) which truck stop(s) to use, and (ii) how much fuel to buy at the chosen truck stop(s) to minimize the refueling cost. In the current form, however, these models minimize only the fuel cost, and ignore or underestimate other costs that are affected by the models' decision variables. On the basis of the interviews with carrier managers, truck drivers, and fuel‐optimizer vendors, this article proposes a comprehensive model of motor‐carrier fuel optimization that considers all of the costs that are affected by the model's decision variables. Simulation results imply that the proposed model not only attains lower vehicle operating costs than the commercial fuel optimizers, but also gives solutions that are more desirable from the drivers' viewpoint. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2008     

均匀设计在柴油无灰节能降污添加剂配方研制中的应用

基于低压氧弹燃烧法研究了充氧压力分别为0．6MPa和0．9MPa时两种无灰型柴油添加剂不同配比对助燃性能的影响。采用均匀实验设计和Matlab回归优化的方法，得到复配体系的最优配方，并对其进行了验证。结果表明，由Matlab回归分析得到的完全二次回归模型最理想，0．6MPa时由该模型得到的最优配方为：添加剂A和B的质量分数分别是0．300‰和0．700‰，并通过实验验证得到的发热量达到最大，变化率为8．697％。0．9MPa时，结合直观分析和回归分析，得到与实际相符的最优配方：添加剂A和B的质量分数分别是0．600‰和0．900‰，此时发热量皮化率为4．453％。     

靴形喷油速率耦合预喷射对超高压共轨柴油机性能的影响

在介绍超高压共轨系统工作原理的基础上,基于GT-Power软件建立单缸超高压共轨柴油机的仿真模型,并利用试验验证模型的准确性,而后通过模型分析不同喷油速率、靴形喷油速率耦合不同预喷油量和靴形喷油速率耦合不同预喷提前角对超高压共轨柴油机动力性、经济性以及燃烧排放特性的影响。结果表明:通过调整超高压共轨系统中电控增压器电磁阀和喷油器电磁阀的开启时间,能够实现喷油速率的柔性可调。随着喷油速率从矩形变化到靴形,柴油机缸内压力、温度以及NO_x排放量均逐渐降低,而soot排放量逐渐升高,且靴形喷油速率可使柴油机获得最大的功率(扭矩)和最低的油耗率。靴形喷油速率耦合较小的预喷油量可以使柴油机获得更好的动力性、经济性和燃烧特性,但同时也会导致NO_x排放量的升高。靴形喷油速率耦合较大的预喷提前角有助于改善柴油机排放特性,但受到预喷油量的限制,效果并不明显。     

基于响应面与遗传算法的柴油机喷射参数优化

为解决燃油喷射系统参数优化中高效寻求全局最优解问题,综合响应面设计和遗传算法的优点和不足,采用多项式响应面模型代替原始遗传算法中计算量庞大的目标特性分析模型,建立了多项式响应面模型和遗传算法相结合的参数优化方法。结合非线性规划的凸性分析证明了遗传算法在预定优化区间内全局最优解的唯一性。对优化匹配后的喷射参数进行了模拟计算,结果表明:优化后柴油机油耗降低了1.96g/(kW·h),功率上升了0.99%,排气温度降低了21.86℃。表明该方法具有简单可靠、优化效率高等特点。     

PDSC评定柴油氧化安定性

为研究一种操作简便、检测快速的柴油氧化安定性评定方法,采用高压差示扫描量热法(PDSC)对柴油氧化安定性进行评定,通过单因素变量法分析了升温速率、恒容氧压、试样量对柴油氧化安定性的影响,确定了3种因素水平分别为8~12℃/min,2.5~4.5 MPa,2.5~3.5 mg。通过正交试验法得出升温速率对柴油氧化安定性的影响最大,恒容氧压的影响最小。方差分析表明在升温速率为8℃/min,恒容氧压为3.5 MPa,试样量为3.0 mg时,试验方法的区分性最佳。在该试验条件下,考察了5种油样的重复性,结果表明PDSC法的重复性满足标准要求。     

汽油与柴油混合用作柴油机应急燃料的探讨

应急燃料对于提高战时油料保障能力具有重要意义。文章以在-10#军用柴油中掺入90#车用汽油(简称为汽柴混合油)为例,从柴油机燃料应具有的品质性能着手,分析了汽柴混合油作为柴油机应急燃料的可行性。把车用汽油和军用柴油按照不同的比例掺兑,将试验结果与军用柴油的性能要求和美军应急使用指标对某些理化性能的要求相比照, 指出了汽柴混合油作为柴油机燃料的可行性,并提出了建议。     

燃料电池AIP废气处理方案优选模型研究

对潜艇300 kW燃料电池几种可行的气体处理方案进行了对比分析,并运用模糊综合评判方法建立了方案优选模型.研究表明,应用旋转床吸收器吸收废气中的二氧化碳,并配以相应的水处理系统,将二氧化碳排至舷外的方案是最佳方案.     

RELIABLE ENERGY SUPPLY AND NONPROLIFERATION

The phenomenon of global warming has led to a revival of the prospects for increased nuclear energy production worldwide, yet such increased production carries with it the increased risk of proliferation. To mitigate this risk, various multinational arrangements have been proposed to provide reliable supply of nuclear fuel while at the same time discouraging the construction of national plants for nuclear enrichment and reprocessing. This article provides a brief history of some of these proposals and concludes that the likelihood of success for such schemes as effective tools for nonproliferation is not high at this time. A proposal from the World Council on Renewable Energy to expand the understanding of supplier obligations under Article IV of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) to include the development of non-nuclear energy technologies for NPT parties in good standing is potentially a much better nonproliferation tool. Such an approach tracks the ideas contained in Title V of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978, which has recently received revived congressional interest.     

一种含氧混合燃料喷雾特性的试验研究

针对柴油和所需的油料方案B20D10（即在柴油中掺混20%生物柴油和10%碳酸二甲酯,Dimethyl-Carbonate,DMC）,在某型重型车辆柴油机高压泵试验台上,采用定容弹和高速摄影技术,研究了掺混生物柴油和DMC后对燃油喷雾特性的影响。结果表明：在不同的背景压力下,燃料B20D10油束的贯穿距离低于柴油,最大降幅达到7.0%,锥角最大增加约15.2%;在非破碎阶段,燃料的贯穿距离与时间呈正比关系;在破碎阶段,贯穿距离与时间的关系为s∝tn,其中n约为0.57。试验结果为建立该混合燃料的喷雾模型,并进行缸内燃烧的数值模拟奠定了基础。     

油管油压信号的载荷识别

在高速柴油发动机喷油系统性能检测中,一般以燃油压力信号作为喷油系统性能检测参量。通过对油压波形进行分析来判断喷油系统的工作状况,阐述了采用载荷识别技术识别油压信号的频谱特性,进而得到其时域波形的理论与方法,并在模拟试验中获得了识别结果。