Economic sanctions and official ethnic discrimination in target countries, 1950–2003

Conventional studies on the consequences of sanctions tend to focus on the target society as a whole without specifying how foreign economic pressures might affect the well-being of vulnerable groups within target countries – the same groups who often disproportionately bear the burden of sanctions. This study explores the extent to which sanctions increase the likelihood of discriminatory government practices against one of the globally most vulnerable groups, ethnic groups. It is argued that sanctions contribute to the rise of official ethnic-based economic and political discrimination through contracting the economy and creating incentives for the target government to employ ethnic-based discriminatory policies. Using data on over 900 ethnic groups from 1950 to 2003, the results lend support for the theoretical claim that sanctions prompt the government to pursue ethnic-based discriminatory economic and political practices in multiethnic countries. The findings also indicate that multilateral sanctions are likely to be more harmful to the well-being of ethnic groups than sanctions levied by individual countries. Further, the negative effect of comprehensive sanctions appears to be greater than that of sanctions with moderate and limited impact on the target economy. The regime type of the target state, on the other hand, appears to have a significant role only in conditioning the hypothesized effect of sanctions on economic discrimination. Overall, this study’s focus on a vulnerable segment of the target society – ethnic groups – offers a greater understanding of the consequences of sanctions. It also provides additional insight as to how, in multiethnic countries, political elites might domestically respond to external pressures to retain power.     

新疆公安边防维稳预警情报收集中的问题与对策

新疆维稳形势严峻,预警是维护社会稳定的重要途径。情报收集是成功预警的前提和基础。当前的新疆维稳预警情报收集工作还存在收集主体素质不高,群众优势未能充分发挥,缺乏有效交流与合作等问题。为此。必须加强情报队伍建设,构筑人民防线,完善协作机制,加强情报交流,以改进情报收集工作。     

The Chinese and Asian impact on Russian nuclear policy

Asia, where nuclear powers already interact (including North Korea), exerts a growing influence on the thinking and policy underlying Russia's current and future nuclear (and overall defense) posture. China's rise is forcing Russia into a greater reliance on strategic offensive weapons and tactical nuclear weapons. These in turn will reinforce its opposition to US missile defenses, not only in Europe but also in Asia. Russia must now entertain the possibility of nuclear use in regional conflicts that would otherwise remain purely conventional. It cannot be postulated blindly that nuclear weapons serve no discernible purpose other than to deter nuclear attacks by other nuclear powers. The strategic equation in Asia and in the Russian Far East convincingly demonstrates the falsity of this approach. Nuclear weapons will be the essential component of Russia's regional defense policy if not of its overall policies – and this also includes contingencies in Europe.     

From the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region-led negotiation to the Intervention Brigade

The eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has been characterised by chaos and insecurity for a number of years, but the rise of the M23 rebellion in 2012 once again highlighted just how dire the humanitarian and security situation is. For most of 2012, the crisis was addressed through negotiations between M23 and Kinshasa, mediated by the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR). However, 2013 marked the signing of the Peace, Security and Cooperation Framework Agreement (PSC Framework), and the United Nations Security Council's adoption of Resolution 2098, which contains the mandate of the long-awaited Intervention Brigade (IB). The PSC Framework calls on Kinshasa to implement substantial political reforms while also urging the neighbours of the DRC to stop interfering in its internal affairs. The IB is mandated to carry out targeted operations against the so-called ‘negative forces’ that operate in the eastern DRC. For now, hope of resolving this ongoing crisis hinges on the continuing ICGLR negotiations, the implementation of the PSC Framework and the success of the IB. However, there are critical questions about all of these processes that need to be answered and understood, as the expectations for these processes – especially in the case of the IB – are extremely high. Will the ICGLR manage to negotiate a peace agreement and will the IB succeed, or will they go down in history as yet another failure to save the eastern DRC?     

民汉大学生自主性学习对比研究——以新疆财经大学民汉学生为例

自主学习是大学生除课堂学习之外最主要的学习形式,也是提高大学生自身素质的重要手段。新疆是多民族聚居地区,民汉大学生学习融合成为新疆教育的一大特色。在学习融合的过程中,民汉学生的自主性学习是否存在差异,成为关注的内容。本文通过调查问卷的形式,对民汉大学生的自主性学习的现状与影响因素进行了对比研究,发现民汉大学生自主学习差异不大,根据问卷调查的情况,提出了加强民汉大学生自主学习的建议。     

天基光学短弧观测约束域的粒子群优化定轨方法

针对空间目标定轨问题,提出一种利用两段天基光学短弧观测数据的粒子群优化定轨新算法。在介绍天基光学短弧观测测量帧集、测量约束域及目标函数构造的基础上,为解决已有的基于网格搜索思想寻优的算法存在的多解、局部最优解及运算量过大等问题,提出了一种利用粒子群优化算法在约束域内对目标函数值寻优达到定轨目的的新算法。对算法的性能进行了仿真验证。多次仿真结果表明:该算法大大降低了计算量,且有效地解决了目标函数多解和局部最优解问题,对目标定轨的精度与定轨算法的克拉美罗下限接近。     

基于融合检测概率的雷达网威力范围算法研究

威力范围是衡量雷达性能和优化雷达网布站的重要指标之一。从单雷达威力范围定义出发,论文给出了雷达网威力范围的新定义,深刻揭示了威力范围与融合检测概率的理论联系,建立了基于融合检测概率的雷达网威力范围计算模型。最后的仿真实例表明：相比区域求并的一般方法而言,文中方法更加科学严谨,计算也不复杂。论文成果对于雷达网作战能力分析和布站优化均有着十分重要的理论意义和应用价值。     

新疆中小学少数民族双语教师组织承诺的现状研究

本研究通过问卷调查了新疆地区252名中小学少数民族双语教师的组织承诺现状。研究结果显示,新疆少数民族中小学双语教师的组织承诺总体较高,其中感情承诺、规范承诺、理想承诺和民族认同承诺均高于一般水平,而经济承诺和机会承诺均低于一般水平。在人口变量上表现如下特点：（1）男性的经济承诺显著高于女性,其他维度及总分上男女无显著差异;（2）不同民族的双语教师的组织承诺总分及各维度均无显著差异;（3）中专学历的双语教师的理想承诺显著高于大专及本科学历的双语教师,组织承诺总分及其他维度上均无学历上的显著差异;（4）重点学校双语教师的民族认同承诺及组织承诺总分均显著高于一般学校的双语教师;其他维度上无显著差异。     

论少数民族地区高校学报的发展之路

少数民族地区高校一般地处边远地区 ,因地域等因素的影响 ,学报的发展受到了制约。在市场经济大潮中 ,学报要发挥文化知识、科技文化信息的传承作用 ,适应时代的变革 ,与时代俱进 ,努力为少数民族地区的科技教育文化的发展服务。树立新的发展理念 ,拓宽发展思路 ,积极实践 ,走出一条有民族特色的可持续发展之路     

西部地区教育电视的生存与发展对策研究

本文通过对教育电视的发展面临传媒同业的激烈竞争和西部地区教育电视生存条件的分析，阐明了教育电视在西部地区远程教育中的重要作用，并提出了西部地区教育电视的发展对策。