从明清侠义小说中侠义英雄的创作看人性善恶二重性——以《绿牡丹全传》为例

人性善恶问题,一个千古争论的哲学命题。本文将以文学作为视角,分别从作品中英雄人物形象、作者文学创作动机两个方面,对这一问题作出较新的阐释。从而得出结论：在人的本质属性中,善与恶是对立统一的。但人类总可以避恶扬善,以谋求自身的存在和发展。     

The sixteenth-century antecedents of special operations ‘small war’

The first conceptual, theoretical treatises about small war (la petite guerre) as special operations appeared only from the middle of the seventeenth century. The term is not used in the eighteenth-century sense of ‘special operations’ in older sources. The supposed absence of any treatment of the subject is surprising considering the obsession with the ‘art of war’ in the Renaissance, but other authors attribute it to a supposed antinomy between chivalric ideals and irregular warfare. But the absence of explicit manuals on the subject is not evidence of absence of advanced reflection on this kind of operations in the Middle Ages and in Early Modern times. We should thus look elsewhere, in other genres, for writings that contain and pass on military knowledge. Epics, romances, educational and military treatises, and memoirs in fact contain elements of a theory of special operations, even though these genres differ from our conception of rationality inherited from the Enlightenment.