Heavy metal free primers: Polymorphism of gadolinium and titanium in the context of GSR glass phase |
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Institution: | Professional Member of the Chartered Society of Forensic Science, Italy |
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Abstract: | The possibility of identifying gunshot residue (GSR) particles produced by non-toxic primers containing only titanium and zinc is a very difficult task using SEM/EDX analysis employed in the analysis of GSR originating from primers containing lead, barium and antimony. However, Bauer et al. demonstrated that non-toxic (TiZn) primers form a TiZn2O4 spinel crystalline structure using SEM/EDX with EBSD (Electron Back Scatter Diffraction) and TKD (Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction), whereas GSR originating from gadolinium-doped TiZn primers form a non-crystalline glass phase. Here, a possible explanation of these different phenomena is hypothesized. |
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Keywords: | GSR Heavy metal free primers Gadolinium Glass phase EBSD TKD |
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